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Enquiry into plants and tllekelm Lela. ‘olameoyelol¥lacm-lare weather signs
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LASSICAL LIBRARY
iiDITED BY . PAGE, Litr.D. W.H. Ὁ. ROUSE, Litt.D.
-HRASTUS INTO PLANTS
II
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THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
EDITED BY EK. CAPPS Puz.D., LL.D. Τὶ E. PAGE, Litr.D. W.H. Ὁ. ROUSE, {1ττ.Ὁ.
THEOPHRASTUS ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS
II
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THEOPHRASTUS
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS AND MINOR WORKS ON ODOURS AND WEATHER SIGNS
WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY SIR ARTHUR HORT, Barr., M.A.
FORMERLY FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE
IN TWO VOLUMES
LONDON : WILLIAM HEINEMANN NEW YORK : G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS MCMXVI
CONTENTS
BOOK VI
OF UNDER-SHRUBS
Ῥ Of the classification οὗ under-shrubs: the wild kinds:
the chief distinction that between spinous and BPMIGIONS: τ ὦ τ See eS Ee ee ἢ Of spineless under-shrubs and their differences . .. . Of certain specially important spineless under-shrubs— silphium and magydaris—belonging to ferula-like ῬΙδΗ 8. τς ιν SS Be See es ee τὸ ἃ δὶ Of spinous under-shrubs and their differences. . . . . Of cultivated under-shrubs (coronary plants), with which are included those coronary plants which are herbaceous: 3° 6. pics τον νων τς SG eS Of the seasons at which coronary plants flower, and of the length of their life .............
BOOK VII
AGE
OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS, OTHER THAN CORONARY PLANTS:
POT-HERBS AND SIMILAR WILD HERBS
Of the times of sowing and of germination of pot-herbs Of the propagation of pot-herbs, and of differences in
their Toots). ¢. a a ee Wo a Se eS SS . Of the flowers and fruits οὗ pot-herbs ........ Of the various forms of some pot-herbs. ....... Of the cultivation of pot-herbs ; manure and water . . Of the pests which infest pot-herbs .........
Of the time for which seed of pot-herbs can be kept . . Of uncultivated herbs : the wild forms of pot-herbs .
59
CONTENTS
Of other uncultivated herbs, which may be classed with ἡ POGHCRDS og oo a SS Eh a es 103 Of the differences in stem and leaf found in all herba- ceous plants: . owe ele ae ee ee Se Se 107 Of other differences seen in herbaceous plants in general, as compared with one another and with trees. . . Ill Of the seasons at which herbs grow and flower .... 115 Of the classes into which herbaceous plants may be divided, as those ani: a spike and chicory-like IAMS. τὰν ick Seroa, ae wea et a νῷ 119 Of herbs which have fleshy or bulbous roots ..... 125 Of certain properties and habits peculiar to certain herbaceous plants. 25) eS fel al 6 oie ok SS 135 BOOK VIII
OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS: ‘CEREALS, PULSES, AND ‘SUMMER εν CROPS’
Of the three classes and the times of sowing and of
GeTMMAWON: ooo: es ee Be Bee RS νειν 143 Of differences in the mode of germination and of subse- quent development. ...........4.. 149
Of differences in development due to soil or climate . . 155 Of differences between the parts of cereals, pulses, and
summer crops respectively ........... 159 Of the differences between cereals .......... 165 Of the differences between pulses .......... 173 Of sowing, manuring, and watering ......... 177 Of the degeneration of cereals into darnel ..... . 183 Of the peculiar character of chick-pea ........ 183 Of special features of ‘summer crops’ ........ 185 Of treatment of cereals peculiar to special localities . . 185 Of cereals which grow a second time from the same
stock ... . .. rh ge Ge te, Ἂ are δὴ Of the effects of climate, "soil: and manuring ..... 189 Of different qualities of seed ..... a ae oe 191
vi
CONTENTS
PAGE
Of degeneration of. cereals, and of the weeds which -infest particular crops ............. 193
Of the conditions jn the seeds of pulses known as ‘cookable’ and ‘ uncookable,’ and their causes . . 197
Of the grains and pulses which most exhaust the soil, or which improve it .......-..+4.e+... 199
Of the diseases of cereals and pulses, and of hurtful WINGS, τὸ ete ws Beare ee τὸ ΩΝ σὸς τὰν Ce: ἢ 201 Of seeds which keep or do not keep well ....... 205 Of the age at which seeds should besown ...... 209 Of artificial means of preserving seed ........ 211 Of the effect of heat on seeds .........-.2.. 211
Of certain peculiarities of the seed of lupin and urgilops 213
BOOK IX
OF THE JUICES OF PLANTS, AND OF THE MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF HERBS
Of the various kinds of plant-juices and the methods of
collecting ὙΠῸΙΝ οὐ 1b. we 2h a ων ρῶς εἰς 217 Of resinous trees and the methods of collecting resin
ANG Plt 0 we we RS SO IE Ee 223 Of the making of pitch in Macedonia and in Syria. . . 229 Of frankincense and myrrh: various accounts ... . 233 Of cinnamon and cassia: various accounts ..... . 243 Of balsam of Mecca... 2... 2... ee eee 245
Of other aromatic plante—all oriental, except the iris . 247 Of the medicinal juices of plants and the collection of
them: general account ............2.. 251 Of the cutting of roots for medicinal purposes, eas of
certain superstitions connected therewith . . 255 Of the medicinal uses of divers parts of plants .... 261 Of hellebores, the white and the black: their uses and
distribution! . . , . Gs ek GE er at Se ae Ew 265 Of the various kinds of all-heal ............. 269 Of the various plants called strykhnos .......~. 271 Of the various kinds of tithymallos. . .......~. 275
CONTENTS
Of the two herbs called libanotis. . . 2. 1 0 we eo Of the two kinds of chamaeleon....... a Of the various plants called ‘poppy’. ........ Of roots possessing remarkable taste or smell... . . Of the time for which roots can be kept without losing
ΠΕ VIECUG 5. oe ohh, ee ae we ee, νω Of the localities which specially produce medicinal herbs Of the medicinal herbs peculiar to Crete .......
Of wolf’s-bane and its habitat, and of meadow-saffron . Of two famous druggists and of the virtues of hemlock . How use diminishes the efficacy of drugs, and how they have not the same effect on all constitutions . Of plants that possess properties affecting lifeless objects ..... δ Ἤξ ὧν 5»: χὰ τοῖς τὰς τὴ ge AT τῶι τὸς τὰς aa Of plants whose properties affect animals other than PATE. ὦ, δοῦν eins kA Be δ a HG ce ae μὰς ἑὰς, So ἀν Of plants possessing properties which affect the mental POWEIS( τος οὐχ ον BOS ee SE ee Bee Se Ἂς ἐς ὡς, Ἢ Of plants said to have magical properties. ...... A problem as to cause and effect .......... Of certain plants, not yet mentioned, which possess special properties ............-68.
MINOR WORKS
INTRODUCTION TO THE TREATISES CONCERNING ODOURS AND CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS ......¢.
CONCERNING ODOURS
Introductory: Of odours in general and the classifi-
cationofthem...........-4+22066 Of natural odours ; of those of animals and of the effect
of odourson animals .............. Of smell and taste... ....... 4. +e. eee Of odoursin plants. ............208868- Of artificial odours in general and their manufacture :
especially of the use of perfumes in wine... . .
viii
CONTENTS
Of the oils used as the vehicle of perfumes ......
Of the spices used in making perfumes and their treat- MOOG: 29 or e.g) τὰς BE Re eh SS a νων ἀξ. Sh Se ψὶ ᾿ς
Of the various parts of plants used for perfumes, and of the composition of various notable perfumes
Of the properties of various spices... ....... Of the medicinal properties of certain perfumes . . . .
Of rules for the mixture of spices, and of the storing of various perfumes. ....... dng al Sk τὰν ee oe
Of the properties of certain perfumes ........ Of other properties and peculiarities of perfumes
Of the making of perfume-powders and compound per- TUMOR 25) 0 δας τοτιὶ he Be τὸς τὰ a σῶς
Of the characteristic smells of animals, and of certain curious facts as to the smell of animal and vegetable Progucts: wick ye ee es: atl Bw es Se ee
Of odours as compared with other sense-impressions . .
CONCERNING WEATHER SIGNS Introductory: general principles .......... The signsofrain. ...........2.50 8000 The signsof wind ........ BH ἀν τως ee Gane The signs of fair weather. ..........2..-. Miscellaneous signs ..... .....+ 2.28.
INDEX OF PLANTS .......+.. νι νυ © « «© © «
KEY TO THE INDEX— I,—List of plants mentioned in the Enquiry under botanical names... ......22--- II.—List of plants mentioned in the Enquiry unde popularmames..........2..4...
487
ix
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τ΄
THEOPHRASTUS
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS BOOK VI
VOL, I¥ B
ΘΕΟΦΡΑΣΤΟΥ͂ ΠΕΡῚ ΦΥΤΩΝ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ
Z
Ι. Περὶ μὲν οὖν δένδρων καὶ θάμνων εἴρηται πρότερον" ἑπόμενον δ᾽ εἰπεῖν περί τε τῶν φρυγανι- κῶν καὶ ποιωδῶν καὶ εἴ τινες ἐν τούτοις ἕτεραι συμπεριλαμβάνονται φύσεις" οἷον ἥ γε σιτηρὰ ποιώδης ἐστί.
Πρῶτον δὲ λέγωμεν περὶ τῆς φρυγανικῆς" αὕτη yap ἐγγυτέρω τῶν προειρημένων διὰ τὸ ξυλώδης εἶναι. πανταχοῦ μὲν οὖν ἴσως αἰεὶ τὸ ἄγριον τοῦ ἡμέρου πλεῖον, εἰ δὲ μή, περί γε τὴν φρυ- γανικὴν οὐσίαν: ὀλίγον γὰρ τὸ ἥμερον αὐτῆς, ὅπερ σχεδὸν ἐν τοῖς στεφανωτικοῖς ἐστιν, οἷον ῥοδωνία ἰωνία διόσανθος ἀμάρακος ἡμεροκαλλές, ἔτι δὲ ἕρπυλλος σισύμβριον ἑλένιον ἀβρότονον. ἅπαντα γὰρ ταῦτα ξυλώδη καὶ μικρόφυλλα, bv
2 ὃ καὶ φρυγανικά. καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν λαχανηρῶν 8
1 of. 6. 6. 1. 2 This hardly corresponds to the definition of φρύγανα
2
THEOPHRASTUS ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS
BOOK VI
Or UNDER-SHRUBS,
Of the classification of under-shrubs: the wild kinds: the chief distinction that between spinous and spineless.
I. We have spoken already of trees and shrubs, and next we must speak of under-shrubs and herbaceous plants and of any other natural classes which are included with these; for instance, cereals come under herbaceous plants.
But first let us tell of under-shrubs, for this class comes near those mentioned above because of its woody character. Now it may be said that with all plants the wild kinds are more abundant than the cultivated, and this is certainly true of the under- shrubs. For the cultivated kinds of this class! are not numerous, and consist almost entirely of coronary plants, as rose gillifluwer carnation sweet marjoram martagon lily, to which may be added tufted thyme bergamot-mint calamint southernwood. For all these are woody and have small leaves; wherefore ? they are classed as under-shrubs. This class covers
given in 1, 3. 1, nor do some of the plants here mentioned come under the description. St. considers the text defective.
3
B 2
»
᾽
THEOPHRASTUS
ὁμοίως, οἷον ῥάφανος πήγανον καὶ ὅσα παρα- πλήγια τούτοις. ἐατίν. - ὑπὲρ :ὧν οὐχ ἧττον ἴσως
. ᾿τἀρρζυτει: κατὰ τὴν. οἰκεῖαν. π ροσηγορίαν εἰπεῖν,
ὅταν περὶ στε ανωμάτων καὶ λα άνων ποιώμεθα μνείαν. νῦν δὲ πρῶτον περὶ τῶν ἀγρίων λέγωμεν. ἔστιν αὐτῶν εἴδη καὶ μέρη πλείω, ἃ δεῖ διαιρεῖν καὶ τοῖς καθ᾽ ἕκαστον γένος καὶ τοῖς ὅλοις εἴδεσι.
Μεγίστην δ᾽ av τις λάβοι διαφορὰν τῶν ὅλων γενῶν, ὅτε τὰ μὲν ἀνάκανθα τὰ δὲ ἀκανθώδη τυγχάνει. πάλιν δ᾽ ἐν ἑκατέρῳ τούτων πολλαὶ διαφοραὶ γενῶν καὶ εἰδῶν, ὑπὲρ ὧν καθ᾽ ἑκάτερα πειρατέον εἰπεῖν..
Τῶν ἀκανθικῶν δὴ τὰ μὲν ἁπλῶς εἰσιν ἄκανθαι, ὥσπερ ἀσφάραγος καὶ σκορπίος" οὐ yap ἔ ἔχουσι φύλλον οὐδὲν παρὰ τὴν ἄκανθαν. τὰ δὲ φυλ- λάκανθα, καθάπερ ἄκανος ἠρύγγιον κνῆκος" ταῦτα γὰρ καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐπὶ τῶν φύλλων ἔχει τὴν ἄκανθαν, δι ὃ ὃ καὶ φυλλάκανθα καλεῖται. τὰ δὲ καὶ παρὰ τὴν ἄκανθαν ἕ ἕτερον ἔχει φύλλον, ὥσπερ ἡ ὀνωνὶς καὶ ὁ TplBoros καὶ ὁ φέως, dv δή τινες καλοῦσι στοιβήν. ὁ δὲ “τρίβολος καὶ περικαρ- πιάκανθός ἐστιν' ἔχει. γὰρ ἀκάνθας ἐν τῷ περι- καρπίῳ, δι ὃ καὶ τοῦτο ἴδιον πρὸς ἅπαντα ὡς εἰπεῖν" ἐπεὶ πτορθάκανθά γε πολλὰ καὶ τῶν δένδρων καὶ τῶν θαμνωδῶν ἐ ἐστιν, οἷον ἀχρὰς ῥόα παλίουρος βάτος ῥοδωνία κάππαρις. ἐν μὲν οὖν τοῖς ἀκανθικοῖς ταύτας ἄν τις ὡς εἰπεῖν τύπῳ λάβοι τὰς διαφοράς.
1 Zor... εἴδεσι : text needlessly altered by Sch. and W. Sch. himself shews that T. uses εἶδος and γένος almost in- discriminately. Here τῶν ὅλων γενῶν means the same as Tots
4
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, ΥἹ. τ. 2-3
also pot-herbs, such as cabbage rue and others like them. Of these it is perhaps more appropriate to speak under their proper designation, that is, when we come to make mention of coronary plants and pot-herbs. Now let us first speak of the wild kinds. Of these are several classes and sub- divisions, which we must distinguish by the char- acteristics of each sub-division as well as by those of each class taken as a whole.!
The most important difference distinguishing class from class which one could find is that between the spineless and the spinous kinds. Again under each of these two heads there are many differences distinguishing kinds and forms, of which we must endeavour to speak severally.
2Of spinous kinds some just consist of spines, as asparagus and skorpios; for these have no leaves except their spines. Then there are the spinous- leaved plants, as thistle eryngo safflower ; these and the like have their spines on the leaves, whence their name. Others again have leaves as well as their spines, as rest-harrow caltrop and pheos,? which some call stoibe. Caltrop is also* spinous-fruited, having spines on the fruit-vessel. Wherefore this peculiarity marks it off from almost all other plants ; though many trees and shrubs have spines on the shoots, as wild pear pomegranate Christ’s thorn bramble rose caper. Such® are the general dis- tinctions which may be made among spinous plants. ὅλοις εἴδεσι; and below γενῶν and εἰδῶν both refer to the smaller divisions called μέρη above. 2 Plin. 21. 91.
3 ὃ φέως ὃν conj. Sch.; ὁ φλεὼς ὃ Ald. H.; καὶ ὃ δή τινες Kad. στ. P,. of. θ. 5. 1 and Index.
4 καὶ περικαρπάκανθος conj. Sch.; καὶ ἧ wepixapwia φνλλά- κανθον UMVAId. οἵ 6. 5. 3. 5 οὖν add. Sch.
5
4
THEOPHRASTUS
3 \ A 3 , 3 » oe
Ev δὲ τοῖς ἀνακάνθοις οὐκ ἔστιν οὕτως δια- λαβεῖν τοῖς γένεσιν: ἡ γὰρ τῶν φύλλων ἀνωμαλία μεγέθει καὶ μικρότητι καὶ σχήμασιν ἄπειρος καὶ acagdns ἀλλὰ δεῖ πειρᾶσθαι κατ᾽ ἄλλον τρόπον διαιρεῖν. πλείω δέ ἐστι τὰ γένη τὰ τούτων καὶ
\ ΝΜ , / 7 διαφορὰς ἔχοντα μεγάλας, οἷον κίσθος μήλωθρον ἐρευθεδανὸν σπειραία κνέωρον ὀρίγανος θύμβρα
4 4 4 , , σφάκος ἐλελίσφακος πράσιον κόνυξα μελισσό- φυλλον ἕτερα τοιαῦτα' πρὸς τούτοις ἔτι τὰ
, \ 9 ’ 4 4 ναρθηκώδη καὶ évvevpoxavra, καθάπερ μάραθον ε 4 ’ lA Ν ’ ἱππομάραθον ναρθηκία νάρθηξ καὶ τὸ καλού- μενον ὑπό τινων μνοφόνον καὶ ὅσα ὅμοια τούτοις. ἅπαντα γὰρ ἄν τις καὶ ταῦτα καὶ ὅλως εἴ τι ναρθηκῶδές ἐστε τῆς φρυγανικῆς θείη φύσεως.
II. Εἴδη δὲ καὶ διαφοραὶ καθ᾽ ἕκαστον τῶν εἰρημένων εἰσὶ τῶν μὲν φανερώτεραι τῶν δὲ ἀφανέστεραι. καὶ γὰρ κίσθου δύο γένη διαιροῦσι, τὸ μὲν ἄρρεν τὸ δὲ θῆλυ, τῷ τὸ μὲν μεῖζον καὶ
ὌΠ τ Ὁ: σκληρότερον καὶ λιπαρώτερον εἶναι καὶ τὸ ἄνθος 3 , / \ eo a 3 / e ἠδ ἐπιπορφυρίζον: ἄμφω δὲ ὅμοια τοῖς ἀγρίοις ῥοδοις, πλὴν ἐλάττω καὶ ἄοσμα.
~~ Ἁ
Δύο δὲ εἴδη καὶ τοῦ κνεώρον ὁ μὲν γὰρ λευκὸς
: | ὁ δὲ μέλας. ἔχει δὲ ὁ μὲν λευκὸς τὸ φύλλον
1 2,6. there is a gradation.
2 κίσθος conj. Sch.; κισσὸς Ald.H.
3 σπειραία conj. Sch. from Plin. 21. 53; ounpéa Ald.G.
4 θύμβρα σφάκος conj. Sch.; θύμβρας φακὸς UMVAId.
δ of. 6. 2. 5.
8 ναρθηκώδη = hollow-stemmed, évvevpéxavAa=plants with a plain unjointed stem, solid with ‘immersed’ fibres. In the
6
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, ΥἹ. τ. 4-1. 2
With spineless plants it is not possible to make such ‘generic’ distinctions; for the variation of the leaves in size and shape is endless, and the differences are not clearly marked !; but we must try to distinguish on another principle. There are many classes of such plants and they differ widely, as rock-rose ? bryony madder privet? kneoron marjoram savory sphakos* (sage) elelisphakos® (salvia) hore- hound konyza balm, and others like these; and in addition to these we have the plants with a ferula- like stem ὁ or with a stem composed of fibre, as fennel horse-fennel’ narthekia (ferula) narthex (ferula) and the plant called by some wolf’s bane,’ and others like these. All these, as well as any other ferula- like plants, may be placed in the class of under- shrubs.
Of spineless under-shrubs and their differences,
II. The various forms and the differences between the above mentioned plants are in some cases more, in some less easy to distinguish. Of rock- rose ® they distinguish two kinds, ‘male’ and ‘female,’ in that the one is?° larger, tougher, more glossy,!! and has a crimson flower; both however are like the wild rose,!? save that the flower is smaller and scentless.
There are also two kinds of kneoron, one white, the other black. The white has a leathery oblong examples given here the two classes are taken together, ναρθηκία being ναρθηκώδης, the others ἐννευρόκαυλα ; hence the article is not repeated. 7 of. 6. 2. 7.
8 Lit. ‘mouse-bane’: for other Greek names see Index.
9. κίσθου conj. Sch., cf. 6 1. 4; κισσοῦ Ald.H.; Plin. 24, 81; Diosc. 1. 97. 10 εἶναι conj. W.; ἔχειν UMVAIA. (τὸ φύλλον ἔχειν Conj. Sch.).
1! 4,e, has more glossy leaves. 12 cf. Plin. 21. 55; Theocr. 5.131. See Index.
THEOPHRASTUS
δερματῶδες πρόμηκες ὁμοιόσχημον τρόπον τινὰ τῇ ἐλάςᾳ, ὁ δὲ μέλας οἷον ἡ μυρίκη σαρκῶδες" ἐπίγειος δὲ μᾶλλον ὁ λευκός" ἔστι δὲ ὀσμώδης, ὁ δὲ μέλας ἄοσμος. τὴν δὲ ῥίξαν τὴν εἰς βάθος ἄμφω μεγάλην ἔχουσι καὶ τοὺς ἀκρεμόνας πολ- λοὺς καὶ παχεῖς καὶ ξυλώδεις ἀπ᾽ αὐτῆς τῆς γῆς ἢ μικρὸν ἄνω σχιζομένους, ξυλωδεστάτην δέ. γλίσχρον δὲ σφόδρα, δι᾿ ὃ καὶ χρῶνται πρὸς τὸ καταδεῖν καὶ περιλαμβάνειν, ὥσπερ τῷ οἴσῳ. βλαστάνει δὲ καὶ ἀνθεῖ μετ᾽ ἰσημερίαν μετο- πωρινὴν καὶ ἀνθεῖ πολὺν Χρόνον.
Καὶ τῆς ὀριγάνου δὲ ἡ μέλαινα ἄκαρπος ἡ δὲ λευκὴ κάρπιμος. καὶ θύμον τὸ μὲν λευκὸν τὸ δὲ μέλαν εὐανθὲς δὲ σφόδρα. περὶ τροπὰς γὰρ ἀνθεῖ θερινάς. ad’ οὗ καὶ ἡ μέλιττα λαμβάνει τὸ μέλι, καὶ τούτῳ φασὶν οἱ μελιττουργοὶ δῆλον εἶναι πότερον εὐμελιτοῦσι ἢ οὔ" καλῶς yap ἀπαν- θήσαντος εὐμελιτεῖν' βλάπτει δὲ καὶ ἀπόλλυσι τὴν ἄνθησιν ἐὰν ὕδωρ ἐ ἐπιγένηται.
Σπέρμα δὲ κάρπιμον ἡ μὲν θύμβρα καὶ ἔτι μᾶλλον ἡ ὀρίγανος ἔχει φανερόν, τοῦ θύμου οὐκ ἔστι λαβεῖν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐν τῷ ἄνθει πως ἀναμέ- μικται" σπείρουσι γὰρ τοῦτο καὶ ἀναβλαστάνει. ζητοῦσι δὲ καὶ λαμβάνουσιν οἱ ἐξάγειν ᾿Αθήνῃσι βουλόμενοι τὸ γένος. ἴδιον δὲ ἔχει καὶ πρὸς ταῦτα καὶ σχεδὸν πρὸς τὰ ἄλλα τὸ κατὰ τοὺς τόπους" οὐ γάρ φασι δύνασθαι φύεσθαι καὶ
ef. 1. 10. 4. Ξ pieces an afterthought, suggested by the mention of the woodiness of the branches. 3 περιλαμβάνει conj. W. from G3 περιλαμβάνειν Ald. 4 Plin. 21. 55.
8
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. τι. 2-4
leaf, somewhat like that of the olive; the leaf of the black is like that of the tamarisk! and fleshy ; the white grows more on the ground and is scented, while the black is scentless. In both the root, which runs deep, is large (and the branches which divide at the ground level are numerous thick and woody), and the root is also very woody.? It is also very tough, wherefore it is used for binding and to put round things, like the withy. It grows and flowers after the autumnal equinox, and remains in flower a long time.
4 Of marjoram the black form is barren, the white bears fruit. ὃ There is a black and a white thyme, and it flowers very freely: it is in bloom about the summer solstice. It is from this flower that the bee gets the honey, and by it ὁ beekeepers say that it is made known whether they have a good yield ot honey or not ; for, if the thyme flowers abundantly,’ they have a good yield, but the bloom is injured or even destroyed if it is rained upon.
Savory, and still more marjoram, has a conspicuous fruitful seed, but in thyme it is not easy to find, being somehow mixed up with the flower; for men sow the flower and plants come up from it. 8 This plant is sought and obtained by those in Athens who wish to export such herbs. But it has a peculiarity as compared both with similar plants and with most others, namely the kind of region which it affects 9 they say that it can not be grown or become
5 Plin. 21. 56 and 154.
8 χρύτῳ conj. Sch.; τοῦτο Ald.
7 καλῶς mBod.; ἄλλως UMVAId. H.
8 Plin. 21. 57.
9 τὸ κατὰ τοὺς τόπους conj. W.; καὶ κατὰ τοὺς τ. Ald.; καὶ κατὰ τόπου:
9
THEOPHRASTUS
λαμβάνειν ὅπου μὴ ἀναπνοὴ διϊκνεῖται ἡ ἀπὸ τῆς θαλάττης. δι’ ὃ οὐδ᾽ ἐν ᾿Αρκαδίᾳ γίνεται" θύμβρα δὲ καὶ ὀρίγανος καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα πολλὰ καὶ πολ- λαχοῦ. παραπλήσιον οὖν τὸ συμβαῖνον τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐλάας" οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδ᾽ ἐκείνη δοκεῖ τριακοσίων σταδίων ἀπὸ θαλάττης ἐπάνω φύεσθαι.
Σφάκος δὲ καὶ ἐλελίσφακος διαφέρουσιν ὡσὰν τὸ μὲν ἥμερον τὸ δὲ ἄγριον' λειότερον γὰρ τὸ φύλλον τοῦ σφάκου καὶ ἔλαττον καὶ αὐχμηρότε- ρον, τὸ δὲ τοῦ ἐλελισφάκου τραχύτερον.
Δύο δὲ γένη καὶ τοῦ πρασίου' τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἔχει ποῶδες τὸ φύλλον καὶ μᾶλλον ἐπικεχαραγμένον, ἔτι δὲ τὰς ἐντομᾶς ἐνδήλους σφόδρα καὶ βαθείας, ᾧ καὶ οἱ φαρμακοπῶλαι χρῶνται πρὸς ἔνια" τὸ
é ἕτερον στρογγυλότερον καὶ αὐχμῶδες σφόδρα, καθάπερ τοῦ σφάκου, κα τὰς ἐντομὰς ἀμαυρο- τέρας ἔχον καὶ ἐπικεχαραγμένον ἧττον.
Κονύξης δὲ τὸ μὲν ἄρρεν τὸ δὲ θῆλυ. δια- φορὰς δὲ ἔχει. καθάπερ τὰ ἄλλα τὰ οὕτω διαυ- ρούμενα' τὸ μὲν γὰρ θῆλυ λεπτοφυλλότερον καὶ ξυνεστηκὸς μᾶλλον καὶ τὸ ὅλον ἔλαττον, τὸ δὲ ἄρρεν μεῖζόν τε καὶ παχυκαυλότερον καὶ πολυκλωνότερον καὶ τὸ φύλλον μεῖζον καὶ λιπαρώτερον ἔχον, ἔτι δὲ τὸ ἄνθος λαμπρό- τερον. καρποφόρα δὲ ἄμφω: τὸ δὲ ὅλον ὀψι- βλαστεῖ καὶ ὀψιανθεῖ περὶ ᾿Αρκτοῦρον καὶ μετ᾽
1 λαμβάνειν P,Ald.: lit. ‘take hold,’ cf. 6. 2. 6 ; βλαστάνειν conj. W.
2 σφάκος conj. Sch.: σφάκελος UMVP,Ald.; Plin. 22, 146 and 147.
Io
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. 11. 4-6
established } where a breeze from the sea does not reach. This is why it does not grow in Arcadia, while savory marjoram and such plants are common in many parts. (A similar peculiarity is found in the olive; for it appears that it likewise will not grow more than three hundred furlongs from the 568.)
The difference between sphakos? (sage) and elelisphakos (salvia) is like that between cultivated and wild ; for the leaf of sphakos® is smoother smaller and less succulent,* while that of elelisphakos is rougher.®
There are also two kinds of horehound: one has a narrow leaf with a more jagged edge, and the notches are very conspicuous and deep, and this is the plant used by druggists for certain purposes; the other has a rounder ® leaf, which, like that of sphakos, is not at all succulent; the notches are less conspicuous and the edge less jagged.
Of konyza’ there is a ‘male’ and a ‘female’ kind, the differences between them being such as are usual between forms so distinguished; the ‘female’ has slenderer leaves, is more compact, and a smaller plant; the ‘male’ is larger, has thicker stalks, is more branched, has larger glossier leaves, and moreover the flower is more conspicuous. Both bear fruit; the plant as a whole is late in growing and in blooming; it blooms about the rising of
3 gpaxov conj. Sch.; σφακέλου UMVP,Ald.
4 W. omits ἧττον before αὐχμηρότερον.
5 rpaxurepov conj. Scal. from G ; βραχύτερον Ald. H.
δ στρογγνυλότερον : cf. 1. 10. 4 ἡ.
7 See Index. Plin. 26. 58. ef. Nic. Ther. 875; Diosc. 3. 121.
Il
THEOPHRASTUS
᾿Αρκτοῦρον λαμβάνει. βαρεῖα δὲ ἡ ὀσμὴ τοῦ ἄρρενος, ἡ δὲ τῆς θηλείας δριμυτέρα, δι’ ὃ καὶ πρὸς τὰ θηρία χρησίμη.
Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα ὥσπερ δια- φέροντα. πάλιν δὲ ἄλλα μονοειδῆ τυγχάνοντα καὶ τῶν πρότερον εἰρημένων καὶ ἕτερα παρὰ ταῦτα' πλείω γάρ ἐστι.
Τὸ δὲ ναρθηκῶδες, καὶ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο τῶν φρυγανικῶν, πολλὰς περιείληφεν ἰδέας" ἐν οἷς ᾿ πρῶτον ὑπὲρ τοῦ κοινοῦ πᾶσι λεκτέον, ὑπὲρ νάρθηκός τε καὶ ναρθηκίας, εἴτε, τὸ αὐτὸ γένος ἐστὶν ἀμφοῖν διαφέρον δὲ κατὰ μέγεθος, εἴτε καὶ ἕτερον ὥσπερ τινές φασιν. ἡ δ᾽ οὖν φανερὰ φύσις ἀμφοῖν ὁμοία ,πλὴν κατὰ τὸ μέγεθος" 0 μὲν γὰρ νάρθηξ γίνεται μέγας σφόδρα ἡ δὲ yap ηκία μικρά. μονόκαυλα δ᾽ ἄμφω καὶ γονα- τώδη, ἀφ᾽ ὧν τά τε φύλλα βλαστάνει καὶ καυλοί τινες μικροί: βλαστάνει δὲ παραλλὰξ τὰ φύλλα: λέγω δὲ παραλλὰξ ὅ ὅτι οὐκ ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ μέρους τῶν γονάτων ἀλλ᾽ ἐναλλάξ: περιειληφότα δὲ τὸν καυλὸν ἐπὶ πολύ, καθάπερ τὰ τοῦ καλάμου, πλὴν ἀποκεκλιμένα ταῦτα μᾶλλον διὰ τὴν μαλακό- TnTa καὶ τὸ μέγεθος" μέγα γὰρ τὸ φύλλον καὶ μαλακὸν καὶ πολυσχιδές, ὥστε εἶναι σχεδὸν τριχῶδες" ἔχει δὲ μέγιστα τὰ κάτω πρὸς τὴν γῆν καὶ ἀεὶ κατὰ λόγον. ἄνθος δὲ μηλινοειδὲς ἀμαυρόν, καρπὸν δὲ παρόμοιον τῷ ἀνήθῳ πλὴν
1 χαμβάνει Ald.; ἁδρύνει conj. W. But ef. the somewhat similar use 6. 2. 4.
2 contra bestiarum morsus Plin. l.c.
3 Plin. 13. 132 and 133.
4 The form of expression in the repeated ὑπὲρ seems loose,
12
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. u. 6-8
Arcturus and is full grown! after his setting. The smell of the ‘male’ plant is strong, but that of the ‘ female’ more pungent; wherefore both of them are of use against wild beasts.?
These plants then and others like them have, as it were, different forms. Again there are some which have but one form both among those already mentioned and others as well; for there are numerous plants of this class.
3 The class of ferula-like plants (for this too belongs to the under-shrubs) comprises many kinds: here we must first speak of the characteristic which is common to all, including ferula itself* (narthex) and narthekia, whether they both belong to the same kind and differ only in size, or whether, as some say, they are distinct. The obvious character of both is alike, except as to size; for narthex grows very tall, while zarthekia is a small plant. Each of them has a single stalk, which is jointed; from this spring the leaves and some small stalks; the leaves come alternately—by which 1 mean that they do not spring from the same part of the joint, but in alternating rows. For a considerable distance they embrace the stalk, like the leaves of the reed, but they turn back from it more owing to their softness and their size; for the leaf is large soft and much divided, so that it is almost hair-like ; the largest leaves are the lowest ones next the ground, and so on in proportion. The flower is quince-yellow® and inconspicuous, the fruit ὁ like dill, but larger.’ The and above ἐν ols is hardly satisfactory. Sch. suspects corruption.
δ᾽ μηλινοειδὲς : ef. % 3. 1.
6. ἀμαυρόν, καρπὸν δὲ conj. Sch.; ἀμαυρόκαρπον Ald. 7 μείζω conj. Sch.3 μεῖζον Ald.
13
THEOPHRASTUS
μείξω. ἐξ ἄκρου δὲ σχίζεται καὶ ἔχει τινὰς οὐ μεγάλους καυλούς" ἐνταῦθα δὲ τό τε ἄνθος καὶ ὁ καρπός. ἔχει δὲ καὶ ἄνθος καὶ καρπὸν καὶ ἐν τοῖς παρακαυλίξουσι δι᾽ ὅχου, καθάπερ τὸ ἄνηθον. ἐπετειόκαυλον δέ, καὶ ἡ βλάστη- σις τοῦ ἦρος πρῶτον μὲν τῶν φύλλων ἔπειτα τοῦ καυλοῦ, καθάπερ τῶν ἄλλων. ῥίξαν δὲ ἔχει βαθεῖαν, ἔστι δὲ povopptfov. ὁ μὲν οὖν νάρθηξ τοιοῦτος.
Τῶν δ᾽ ἄλλων τὰ μὲν ὁμοιότερα τούτῳ τὸν καυλὸν ἔ ἔχει «κοῖλον;», καθάπερ ὁ μανδραγόρας καὶ τὸ κώνειον καὶ ὁ ἐλλέβορος καὶ ὁ ἀνθέρικος" τὰ δ᾽ οἷον ἐννευρόκαυλα τυγχάνει, καθάπερ μάραθον puopovov τὰ ὅμοια τούτοις. ἴδιος δὲ ὁ καρπὸς τοῦ μανδραγόρου τῷ μέλας τε καὶ ῥαγώδης καὶ οἰνώδης εἶναι τῷ χυμῷ.
III. Méyorae δὲ καὶ ἰδιώταται φύσεις ἥ τε τοῦ σιλφίου καὶ ἡ τοῦ παπύρου ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ' ναρθηκώδη γὰρ καὶ ταῦτά ἐστιν' ὑπὲρ ὧν τοῦ μὲν παπύρου πρότερον εἴπομεν ἐν τοῖς ἐνύδροις, ὑπὲρ θατέρου δὲ νῦν λεκτέον.
Τὸ δὲ σίλφιον ἔχει ῥίξαν μὲν πολλὴν καὶ παχεῖαν, τὸν δὲ καυλὸν ἡλίκον νάρθηξ, σχεδὸν δὲ καὶ τῷ πάχει παραπλήσιον, τὸ δὲ φύλλον, ὃ ὃ καλοῦσι μάσπετον, ὅμοιον τῷ σελίνῳ: σπέρμα
1 κοῖλον add. W. 2 See Index: the stalk is special yin in πη θα σὴ here.
δ of.6.1.4n. ἐκνευρόκαυλα P,Ald., ef. ἔκλευκος, ‘ whitish’ ; ἐννευρόκανλα conj. Sch. as in 6. 1. 4; but οἷον indicates the coinage of a fresh term. κώνειον seems to be placed in the wrong list.
4 Plin, 25. 147-150 describes mandragoras, but his descrip- tion is not taken from T. cf. Diosc. 4. 75, where three kinds
4
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. 1. 8-πιπ.1
plant divides at the top and has some small branches, on which grow the flower and the fruit. It also bears flowers and fruit on the side-stalks all the way up, like dill. The stalk only lasts a year, and the growth takes place in spring, the leaves growing first and then the stem, as with other plants. It roots deep and has but a single root. Such is the ferula.
Of the others some to a certain extent resemble ferula, that is, in having a hollow stem!; for instance deadly nightshade hemlock hellebore asphodel ?: while some have a stem more or less, as it were, consisting of fibre,’ as fennel aconite and others like these. The fruit of deadly nightshade‘ is peculiar in being black and like a grape and like wine in taste.
Of certain specially tmportant spineless under-shrubs—silphium and magydaris—belonging to ferula-like plants.
111. Most important and peculiar in their characters are the silphium and papyrus of Egypt. These too come under the class of ferula-like plants ; of these we have spoken of the papyrus already under the head of plants living in water; of the other we have now to speak.
6The silphium has a great deal of thick root; its stalk is like ferula in size, and is nearly as thick ; the ‘leaf, which they call maspeton, is like celery: it has a broad fruit, which is _leaf-like,
of pavdpaydpas are described: there being only two known species of mandragora, the third may be atropa Belladonna ; and to this plant may also refer an interpolated sentence in Diosc. 4. 73 (ἄνθος... σταφυλή»).
§ 4.8. 3and4. Papyrus is loosely classed with ferula-like plants, as it has not a hollow stem, 5 Plin. 19. 42-45.
15
es
THEOPHRASTUS
δ᾽ ἔχει πλατύ, οἷον φυλλῶδες, τὸ λεγόμενον φύλ- λον. ἐπετειόκαυλον δ᾽ ἐστίν, ὥσπερ ὁ νάρθηξ. ἅμα μὲν οὖν τῷ ἦρι τὸ μάσπετον τοῦτο ἀφίησιν, ὃ ὃ καθαίρει τὰ πρόβατα καὶ παχύνει σφόδρα καὶ τὰ κρέα θαυμαστὰ ποιεῖ τῇ jon μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα καυλόν, «ὃν» ἐσθίεσθαι πάντα τρόπον ἑφθὸν ὀπτόν, καθαίρειν δὲ καὶ τοῦτόν φασι τὰ σώματα τετταράκοντα ἡμέραις. ὀπὸν δὲ διττὸν ἔ ἔχει, τὸν μὲν ἀπὸ τοῦ καυλοῦ τὸν δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ῥίξης, δι ὃ καλοῦσι τὸν μὲν καυλίαν τὸν δὲ ῥιξίαν. ἡ δὲ pita τὸν φλοιὸν ἔχει μέλανα, καὶ τοῦτον περι- αἱροῦσιν. ἔστι δὲ ὥσπερ μέταλλα τῶν ῥιξοτο- μιῶν αὐτοῖς, ἐξ ὧν ὁπόσον ἂν δοκῇ συμφέρειν ταμιευόμενοι πρὸς τὰς τομὰς καὶ τὸ προὐπάρχον τέμνουσιν: οὐκ ἔξεστι γὰρ οὔτε παρατέμνειν οὔτε πλεῖον τῶν τεταγμένων" καὶ γὰρ διαφθεί- ρεται καὶ σήπεται τὸ ἀργὸν ἐὰν χρονίζῃ. κατερ- γάξονται δὲ ἄγοντες εἰς τὸν Πειραιᾶ τόνδε τὸν τρόπον' ὅταν βάλωσι εἰς ἀγγεῖα καὶ ἄλευρα μίξωσι, σείουσι χρόνον συχνόν, ὅθεν καὶ τὸ χρῶμα λαμβάνει «καὶ ἐργασθὲν ἄ ἄσηπτον ἤδη δια- μένει. τὰ μὲν οὖν κατὰ τὴν ἐργασίαν καὶ τομὴν οὕτως ἔχει.
‘Tomov δὲ πολὺν ἐπέχει τῆς Λιβύης" πλείω γάρ φασιν ἢ τετρακισχίλια στάδια' πλεῖστα δὲ γίνεσθαι περὶ τὴν σύρτιν ἀπὸ τῶν Εὐεσπερίδων. ἴδιον δὲ τὸ φεύγειν τὴν ἐργαξομένην καὶ ἀεὶ συνεργαζομένης καὶ συνημερουμένης ἐξαναχωρεῖν,
οἷον φυλλ. τὸ λεγ. conj. W.; φυλλ. οἷον τὸ λεγ. ΑἸὰ. Ἡ. 2 af have added ὃν.
ὃ μέταλλα U; μέτρα Ald.; ὃ ἐν μετάλλοις μέτρα. 4 cf. 9. 1. 7; Diosc. 3. 80.
16
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. πὶ. 1-3
as it were,! and is called the phyllon. The stalk lasts only a year, like that of ferula. Now in spring it sends up this maspeton, which purges sheep and greatly fattens them, and makes their flesh wonderfully delicious ; after that it sends up a stalk, which ? is eaten, it is said, in all ways, boiled and roast, and this too, they say, purges the body in forty days. It has two kinds of juice, one from the stalk and one from the root; wherefore the one is called ‘stalk-juice, the other ‘root-juice.’ The root has a black bark, which is stripped off. They have regulations, like those in use in mines,® for cutting the root, in accordance with which they fix carefully the proper amount to be cut, having regard to previous cuttings and the supply of the plant. For it is not allowed to cut it wrong nor to cut more than the appointed amount; for, if the juice is kept and not used, it goes bad and decays. When they are conveying it to Peiraeus, they deal with it thus 4 :— having put it in vessels and mixed meal with it, they shake it for a considerable time, and from this process it gets its colour, and this treatment® makes it thenceforward keep without decaying. Such are the facts in regard to the cutting and treatment.
The plant is found over a wide tract of Libya, for a distance,® they say, of more than four thousand furlongs, but it is most abundant?’ near the Syrtis, starting from the Euesperides islands. It is a peculiarity of it that it avoids cultivated ground, and, as the land is brought under cultivation and tamed,
5 ἐργασθὲν : ἐξοργασθὲν conj. Salm.; from Plin. J.c., argu- mentum erat maturitatss color siccttasque sudore finito.
8 cf. Strabo 2. 5. 20; 17. 3. 20: Scyl. Periplus, Libya.
7 πλεῖστα conj.W.; πλείονα U; τὰ πλείονα MAId.; γίνεσθαι conj. W.; γενέσθαι Ald.
17
VOL. IL. ς
THEOPHRASTUS
ὡς οὐ δεομένου δῆλον ὅτε θεραπείας ἀλλ᾽ ὄντος ἀγρίου. φασὶ δ᾽ οἱ Κυρηναῖοι φανῆναι τὸ σίλ- prov ἔτεσι πρότερον ἢ αὐτοὶ τὴν πόλιν ῴκησαν ἑπτά' οἰκοῦσι δὲ μάλιστα περὶ τριακόσια εἰς Σιμωνίδην ἄ ἄρχοντα ᾿Αθήνῃσιν.
i μὲν οὖν οὕτω λέγουσιν. οἱ δὲ τοῦ σιλφίου τὴν ῥίζαν φασὶ γίνεσθαι πηχναίαν ἢ μικρῷ μείζω. ταύτην δὲ ἔ εἰν ἐπὶ τοῦ μέσου κεφαλήν, ὃ καὶ μετεωρότατόν ἐστι καὶ σχεδὸν ὑπὲρ γῆς, καλεῖ- σθαι δὲ γάλα' ἐξὴ ἧς δὴ φύεσθαι μετὰ ταῦτα καὶ τὸν καυλόν, ἐκ δὲ τούτου μαγύδαριν τὸ καὶ καλούμενον φύλλον’ τοῦτο δ᾽ εἶναι σπέρμα' καὶ ὅταν νότος λαμπρὸς πνεύσῃ μετὰ Κύνα διαρρίπ.- τέσθαι, ἐξ οὗ φύεσθαι τὸ σίλφιον. . τῷ αὐτῷ δὲ ἔτει τήν τε ῥίζαν γίνεσθαι καὶ τὸν καυλόν" οὐθὲν δὲ τοῦτο ἴδιον, καὶ γὰρ ἐπ᾽ ἄλλων, εἰ μὴ τοῦτο λέγουσιν ὅτι εὐθὺς φύεται μετὰ τὴν διάρριψιν.
Καὶ τοῦτο ἴδιον καὶ διάφορον τοῖς πρότερον, ὅτι φασὶ δεῖν ὁ ὀρύττειν ἐπέτειον: ἐὰν δὲ ἐαθῇ, φέρειν μὲν τὸ σπέρμα καὶ τὸν καυλόν, χείρω δὲ γίνεσθαι καὶ ταῦτα καὶ τὴν ῥίξαν, ὁ ὀρυττομένας δὲ βελτίους γίνεσθαι διὰ τὸ “μεταβάλλεσθαι τὴν γῆν. ἐναν- τίον δὲ τοῦτο τῷ φεύγειν τὴν ἐργάσιμον. ἐσθί- εσθαι καὶ τὰς ῥίζας προσφάτους κατατεμνομένας εἰς ὄξος. τὸ δὲ φύλλον τῇ χροιᾷ χρυσοειδὲς
1 of. Hdt. 4. 158. 2 Bc. 310. 8 ταύτην δὲ... Td σίλφιον : text as restored conjecturally by. W., chiefly by alteration in the order of the words in Ald. © καλεζαθῶι δὲ γάλα after φύεσθαι in Ald. 5 In 6. 3. 7 this name is applied to a distinet plant. pay. τὸ καὶ conj. Salm.; pay. καὶ τὸ P,Ald.H. ref. 6. 8. 2. 1 rovTo Con). Salm.; τούτον UMVAIA.; ; τοῦτον Py,
18
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. πὶ. 3-5
it retires, plainly shewing that it needs no tendance but is a wild thing. The people of Cyrene say that the silphium appeared! seven years before they founded their city; now they had lived there for about three hundred years before the archonship at Athens of Simonides.*
Such is their account. Others however say that the root of the silphium grows to the length of a cubit or a little longer, and in the middle of this is a head,? which is the highest part and almost comes above ground, and is called the ‘milk’,‘ from this then presently grows the stalk, and from that the magydaris,° which is also called the phyllon®; but it? is really the seed, and, when a strong south wind blows after the setting of the dog-star, it is scattered § abroad and the silphium grows from it. The root and the stalk grow in the same year; nor is this a singular feature—unless they mean that it grows immediately after the dispersal? of the seed—since the same thing occurs with other!? plants also.
There is this singular statement, which is incon- sistent with what was said above, that, it is said, it is necessary to dig the ground every year, and that, if it be left alone, it bears}! the seed and the stalk, but these are inferior and so is the root; on the other hand, that with digging they are improved because the soil is changed. (This is inconsistent with the statement that silphium avoids cultivated land.) They add that the roots are cut up into vinegar and eaten fresh, and that the leafis of a golden
8 διαρρίπτεσθαι conj. Sch.; διαρρίπτεται Ald.; διαρριπτεῖται U ; διαρρίπτηται M.
9. διάρριψιν con). Sch.; δίριψιν UM; ἔκριψιν Ald.
10 en’ ἄλλων conj. W.; τῶν ἄλλων Ald.H. 1 μὲν conj. Sch.; πᾶν Ald.
19
ιϑ
σ
THEOPHRASTUS
9 δ ’ \ Ἁ ‘ \ / \ 6 εἶναι. ἐναντίον δὲ καὶ τὸ μὴ καθαίρεσθαι τὰ πρόβατα τὸ φύλλον ἐσθίοντα" φασὶ γὰρ καὶ τοῦ ἦρος καὶ τοῦ χειμῶνος εἰς ὄρος ἀφιέναι, νέμεσθαι A 4 δὲ τοῦτό τε καὶ ἕτερον ὅμοιον ἀβροτόνῳ' θερμαν- \ 3 Ν A 4 4 Ἁ 3 τικὰ δ᾽ ἄμφω δοκεῖ εἶναι καὶ κάθαρσιν μὲν οὐ ποιεῖν, ἀναξηραίνειν δὲ καὶ συμπέττειν' ἐὰν δέ τι a A A BY 4 3 / 4 ς / νοσοῦν ἢ κακῶς ἔχον εἰσέλθῃ πρόβατον, ὑγιάξε- / aA 5 , e > 9 AN \ \ σθαι ταχέως ἢ ἀποθνήσκειν, ὡς δ᾽ ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ σώζεσθαι μᾶλλον. ταῦτα μὲν ὁποτέρως ἔχει σκεπτέον. € \ A "ὃ Ψ ’ 9 le) 7 ἭἩ δὲ καλουμένη payvdapis ἕτερόν ἐστι τοῦ σιλφίου μανότερόν τε καὶ ἧττον δριμὺ καὶ τὸν 3 Ἁ 3 ” / 43 \ a a ὀπὸν οὐκ ἔχει: διάδηλος δέ ἐστι καὶ τῇ ὄψει τοῖς ἐμπείροις. γίνεται δὲ περὶ Συρίαν καὶ οὐκ ἐν Κυρήνῃ: φασὶ δὲ καὶ ἐν τῷ Παρνασίῳ ὄρει 4 ΝΜ) A A ? \ πολλήν" ἔνιοι δὲ σίλφιον τοῦτο καλοῦσιν. εἰ δὲ . ’’ \ φεύγει τὴν ἐργάσιμον ὥσπερ TO σίλφιον σκεπ- ’ τέον, ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ εἴ τι ὅμοιον ἢ παραπλήσιον ἔχει φύλλου τε πέρι καὶ καυλοῦ, καὶ εἰ ὅλως 3 4 7 4 \ \ = , ἀφίησί τι δάκρυον. τὴν μὲν οὖν ναρθηκώδη \ eo \ 3 Ἁ 4 3 a 4 [καὶ ὅλως τὴν ἀκανθώδη] φύσιν ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις θεωρητέον. IV. Τῆς δ᾽ ἀκανθικῆς, ἑπόμενον γὰρ τοῦτο aA A Ν εἰπεῖν, ἐπειδὴ διήρηται τὸ μὲν ἀκανθῶδες ὅλως τὸ δὲ φυλλάκανθον, ὑπὲρ ἑκατέρου χώρις λεκτέον,
1 ¢f. Arr. Anab. 8. 28. 6 and 7.
2 Artemisia camphorata : Index App. (24).
8 Plin. 19. 46; Diosc. 3. 94; Hesych. s.v.; Photius, Gloss. 8.v.3 οἵ. 6. 3. 4 n.
20
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. m1. 5-1v. 1
colour. We have also the inconsistent statement that sheep are not purged by eating the leaves; for they say that in spring and in winter they are driven into the hill-country, where! they feed on this and on another plant? which is like southernwood ; both these plants appear to be heating and not to cause purging, but, on the contrary, to have a drying effect and promote digestion. It is also said that, if a sheep which is sick or in bad condition comes to that district, it is quickly cured or else dies, but usually it recovers. Which of these accounts is true is matter for enquiry.
8 ΤῊΣ plant called magydaris is distinct from sil- phium, being of later growth and less pungent, and it does not produce the characteristic juice ; experts can also easily distinguish it by its appear- ance. It grows in Syria and not in Cyrene, and they say that it is also abundant on Mount Parnassus, and some call it silphium. Whether however, like sil- phium, it avoids cultivated ground is matter for enquiry, as also whether it has any resemblance or likeness in leaf and stalk, and, in general, whether _ it produces a juice. In these examples we may consider the class of ferula-like plants [and, in general, that of spinous plants.*]
Of spinous under-shrubs and their differences.
IV. Taking next the class of spinous plants (for we must next speak of them), we have already dis- tinguished > those which are altogether spinous and those which have spinous leaves, and now we must
4 καὶ... ἀκανθώδη. These words occur only in U: they cannot belong here. Note that τὸ μὲν ἀκανθῶδες ὅλως occurs just below. § 6.1. 3.
2!
THEOPHRASTUS
\ , \ \ a Ἁ \ \ ” καὶ τρίτου δὴ περὶ τοῦ Kal παρὰ τὴν ἄκανθαν e ἔχοντος φύλλον, ὥσπερ ὅ τε φέως Kal ὁ τρίβολος. καὶ ἡ κάππαρις ἴδιον ἔχει τὸ μὴ μόνον τὴν ἐκ τῶν καυλῶν ἄκανθαν ἔχειν ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ φύλλον ᾽ ’ “ \ / IQa a ἐπακανθίζον. τῶν δὲ διηρημένων εἰδῶν πλεῖστον 4 3 N A > 4 de e 9 a μὲν ἐστι TO φυλλάκανθον, ἐλάχιστον O€ ὡς εἰπεῖν Ἁ > “a cf: \ 4 i“ 3 / τὸ ἀκανθῶδες ὅλως. βραχὺ γάρ τι πάμπαν ἐστίν, [4 > / \ N > ἐν a] 4 ὥσπερ ἐλέχθη, Kal σχεδὸν ov ῥάδιον λαβεῖν παρά τε τὸν ἀσφάραγον καὶ τὸν σκορπίον: 3 ’ δὲ A 3 θ A A 3 ’ Αμφότερα δὲ ταῦτα ἀνθεῖ μετὰ ἰσημερίαν e , nA φθινοπωρινήν. ὁ μὲν σκορπίος ἐν τῷ σαρκώδει τῷ ἐποιδοῦντι τῷ ὑπὸ τὸ ἄκρον τῆς ἀκάνθης ἔ N ¥ θ Ξ ἐξ > fo) ὲ λ Ἁ A δ᾽ χων τὸ ἄνθος ἐξ ἀρχῆς μὲν λευκὸν ὕστερον 3 , e 3 / 3 , \ ἐπιπορφυρίξζον. ὁ δὲ ἀσφάραγος ἐκφύων παρὰ τὰς ἀκάνθας κορυνῶδες μικρόν, ἐκ τούτου δέ ἐστι 4 τὸ ἄνθος μικρόν. ὁ δὲ σκορπίος μονόρριζον καὶ 7 e βαθύρριξον, ὁ δὲ ἀσφάραγος βαθύρριζόν τε εὖ 4 nw a μάλα καὶ πολύρριξον πυκναῖς ταῖς ῥίζαις, ὥστε τὸ ἄνω συνεχὲς εἶναι αὐτῶν, ἀφ᾽ οὗ καὶ αἱ βλαστήσεις αὐτῶν τῶν καυλῶν: ἀναβλαστάνει δὲ ὁ καυλὸς ἐκ τῆς ἀσφαραγιᾶς τοῦ ἦρος καὶ 9 4 , 3 sf? Ψ 3 / \ ἐδώδιμός ἐστιν. εἶθ᾽ οὕτως ἀποτραχύνεται καὶ ἐξακανθοῦται προϊούσης τῆς ὥρας ἡ δὲ ἄνθησις οὐκ ἐκ τούτου μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκ τῶν πρότερον" 3 \ 2 , ’ 3 \ \ 9 [τὰ OU γὰρ ἐπετειοκαυλον ἐστι. τῶ μὲν οὔν ὁλως 7 ἀκανθώδη τοιαύτην τινὰ ἔχει φύσιν. Τῶν δὲ φυλλακάνθων τὸ πλεῖστον γένος ὡς
1 φέως conj. St.; φλεὼς Ald. cf. 6. 1. 3. 2 α΄. 6. 1. 3. 3 Plin. 21. 91; 22. 39.
22
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. rv. 1-3
speak of each of these classes separately, and also, in the third place, of those which have leaves as well as their spines, such as pheos! and caltrop. More- over caper has the peculiarity of possessing not only spines on its stems but also a spinous leaf. Of the classes thus distinguished that with spinous leaves is the largest, while that which is altogether spinous is about the smallest. It is indeed, as was said, a very small class, and it would not be easy to find examples of such plants besides asparagus and skorpios.?
3 Both of these flower after the autumnal equinox. Skorpios produces its flower in the fleshy swelling 4 below the top ὃ of the spinous twig ; at first it is white, but afterwards it becomes purplish. Asparagus pro- duces alongside of the spines a small knob, and from this grows the flower, which is of small size. Skorpios has a single root which runs deep; asparagus roots very deep and its roots are numerous and matted, the upper part of them being in one piece,’ and from this the actual shoots spring. The stalk comes up from the plant in spring and is edible; after- wards, as the season advances, it acquires its rough and spinous character’; the bloom appears not only on this stalk, but on those of previous years, for the stalk is not annual. Such is the character of plants which are altogether spinous.
8Of those which have spinous leaves the largest class, one may say, consists of those plants which
4 ἐποιδοῦντι conj. Scal.; ἐπωδοῦντι U; ἐσποδοῦντι MAId.
Ε τὶ ἄκρον conj. Scal.; τὸ ἄκρατον UMAId.; τῆς ἀκάνθης om. cal.
6 «.e.tuberous. cf.Col. 11. 3. 43; Pall. 3. 24. 8; 4. 9. 11.
7 ἐξακανθοῦται conj. Link. ap. Sch.; ἐξανθοῦται UM ; ἐξαν- θεῖται Ald. 8 Plin. 21. 94,
23
THEOPHRASTUS
ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν ἀκανῶδες τυγχάνει" λέγω δὲ τὸ ἀκανῶδες, ὅ ὅτι τὸ κύημα καὶ ἐν ᾧ τὸ ἄνθος ἢ καὶ ὁ καρπὸς ἄκανος ἢ ἀκανῶδες πάντων ἐστί. διαφο- ρὰν δὲ ἔχει ἐν ἑαυτῷ καὶ μεγέθει καὶ σχήματι καὶ χρώματι καὶ πλήθει καὶ ὀλιγότητι τῶν ἀκαν- θῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων. ἔξω γὰρ ὀλίγων πάνυ, καθάπερ, τοῦ στρουθίου τε καὶ τοῦ σόγκου καὶ εἴ τινων ἑτέρων, τὰ λοιπὰ πάντα ὡς εἰπεῖν τοιαύτην ἔχει τὴν φύσιν. ἐπεὶ καὶ ὁ σόγκος τήν γε φύσιν ἀκανθώδη ἔχει, τὸ δὲ σπερματικὸν οὐχ ὅμοιον" ἀλλὰ τά γε τοιαῦτα πάντα οἷον ἄκορνα λευκ- άκανθα χάλκειος κνῆκος πολυάκανθος ἀτρακτυλὶς ὀνόπυξος ἰξίνη χαμαιλέξων' πλὴν οὗτος οὐ φυλλ- ἄκανθος, σκόλυμος δέ, ὃς καὶ λειμωνία, υλλ- ἄκανθος" καὶ τἄλλα, πλείω γάρ ἐστι. “διαφέρουσι δ᾽ ἀλλήλων πρὸς τοῖς εἰρημένοις τῷ τὰ μὲν πολύ- καυλα εἶναι καὶ ἀποφύσεις ἔχειν, ὥσπερ ὁ ὁ ἄκανος, τὰ δὲ μονόκαυλα καὶ μὴ ἔχειν, ὥσπερ ὁ κνῆκος, ἔνια δ᾽ ἄνωθεν ἔ ἔχειν ἐξ a ἄκρου, καθάπερ τὸ ῥύτρος. καὶ τὰ μὲν εὐθὺς τοῖς πρώτοις ὑετοῖς βλαστάνειν τὰ δ᾽ ὕ ὕστερον, ἔνια δὲ καὶ τοῦ θέρους, ὥ ὥσπερ καὶ ἡ τετράλιξ ὑπό τινων καλουμένη καὶ ἡ ἐξίνη: καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνθῶν ὁμοίως" ὀψιανθὴς γὰρ ὁ σκόλυμος καὶ ἐπὶ πολὺν χρόνον.
1 ἀκανῶδες mBas.; ἀκανθῶδες Ald. ef. 1. 18. 3, where ἀκανῶδες is restored by W.’s certain conj.
3 ἀκανῶδες conj. Sch.; ἀκανθῶδες Ald.H.; acanaceum G.
3 ἄκανος ἢ ἀκανῶδες "Ald.; ἄκανθος 4 dnavOades mBas. v. supra.
4 σόγκος conj. Sch.; κνῆκος Ald. The correction seems necessary in view of 6. 4. 8.
δ᾽ ἄκορνα conj. Sch.; ἄκαρνα Ald. ef. Plin. J.c.
6 ὃς καὶ λειμωνία I conj.; ἢ καὶ λειμωνίᾳ conj. Scal. from
24
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. tv. 3-4
are thistle-like,! by which? I mean that the swollen part, that part which contains the flower, or, it may be, the fruit, is in all cases a thistle-head,? or has that appearance. However there are differences in the ‘head’ itself, in size shape colour number of spines and in other respects. For, apart from quite a few plants, such as soap-wort sow-thistle and possibly some others, nearly all the rest have this character (even sow-thistle * has a spinous character, but its seed-process is different). The list includes all the following: akorna® milk-thistle s‘halkeios safflower polyakanthos distaff-thistle onopyxos ixine chamaeleon (the last-named, however, has not spinous leaves, though golden thistle, which is also called ‘meadow-thistle,’ 6 has’), and so on, for there are many more. These differ from one another not only in the aforesaid ways, but in that some of them have many stalks and side-growths, like the pine- thistle, while some have a single stalk and no side- growths, like the safflower, and some again have out-growths above from the top of the plant, like the globe-thistle.2 Again some grow directly the first rains come, others at a later time, some again in summer, as the plant which some call yellow star- thistle, and zzine.? So too! the flowering-time differs : golden thistle blooms late! and is in bloom for a long time. Plin. 22. 86; ἡλυλειμωνία UM, ; ἠλυλειμωνία M,Ald. καὶ λειμωνία conj. W. But λειμωνία is not mentioned again in the following description, which is against its being a distinct plant from σκόλυμος.
7 φυλλάκανθος I conj.; φυλλάκανθα MSS.
8 ῥύτρος: rhutrum G ; but Plin. /.c. has eryngen.
® Plin. 22. 23. 10 καὶ ἐπὶ conj. Sch.; καὶ ἡ ἐπὶ Ald. H.
11 ὀψιανθὴς conj. Bod. from Plin. /.c, floret sero et diu; εὐανθὴς Ald, 25
5
THEOPHRASTUS
Atagopat δὲ τῶν μὲν ἀκάνων οὐκ εἰσί, τῆς κνήκου δ᾽ εἰσίν" ἡ μὲν γὰρ ἀγρία ἡ δ᾽ ἥμερος. τῆς δ᾽ ἀγρίας δύο εἴδη, τὸ μὲν προσεμφερὲς ,σφό- Spa. TO ἡμέρῳ πλὴν εὐθυκαυλότερον, δι’ ὃ καὶ πηνίοις ἔνιαι τῶν ἀρχαίων ἐχρῶντο γυναικῶν. καρπὸν δὲ ἔχει μέλανα, καὶ μέγαν καὶ πικρόν. ἡ δ᾽ ἑ ἑτέρα δασεῖα καὶ τοὺς καυλοὺς ἔχει σογκώδεις, ὥστε τρόπον τινὰ ἐπιγειόκαυλος γίνεται" διὰ γὰρ μαλακότητα τῶν καυλῶν κατακλίνεται πρὸς τὰς ἀρούρας" καρπὸν δ᾽ ἔχει μικρὸν πώγωνος" σπερ- ματώδεις πᾶσαι, πλὴν μειζόσι, καὶ πυκνοτέροις αἱ ἄγριαι. ἴδιον δὲ ἔχει πρὸς τὰ ἄλλα ἄγρια" τὰ μὲν γὰρ σκληρότερα καὶ ἀκανθωδέστερα τῶν
ἡμέρων, αὕτη δὲ μαλακωτέρα καὶ λειοτέρα. δ᾽ ἄκορνα προσεμφερὴς ὡς ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν κατὰ τὴν πρόσοψιν τῇ κνήκῳ τῇ ἡμέρῳ, χρῶμα δ᾽ ἐπίξανθον ἔχει καὶ χυλὸν λιπαρόν. ἀτρακτυ- λὶς δέ τις καλεῖται καὶ λευκοτέρα τούτων' ἴδιον δὲ ἔχει τὸ περὶ τὸ φύλλον, ὅτι ἀφαιρούμενον καὶ τῇ σαρκὶ «προσφερόμενον αἱματώδη ποιεῖ τὸν χυλόν, δι᾿ ὃ ὃ καὶ φόνον ἔ ἔνιου καλοῦσι τὴν ἄκανθαν ταύτην" ἔχει δὲ καὶ τὴν ὀσμὴν δεινὴν καὶ φονώδη" ὀψὲ δὲ καὶ τελειοῖ τὸν καρπὸν πρὸς τὸ μετό-
1 ἀκάνων Ald.; ἀκαρνῶν mBas.; ἀκάνου or ἀκόρνης conj. Sch.,
the plural being awkward. 2 πηνίοις conj. R. Const.; σπληνείοις U; σπληνίοις MAId ;
colu G and Plin. l.c.; ef. Diose. 3. 107.
8 σογκώδεις : Plin. l.c. seems to have read ὀγκώδεις (torostore caule).
4 καυλῶν conj. Scal. from Plin. J.c.; φύλλων Ald.
5 μικρὸν conj. Spr. from Plin. l.c. (minutum semen) ; πικρὸν Ald
δ πώγωνος σπερματώδεις Ald.: so Ὁ, but rwywvos, and M, but 26
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. ἵν. 5-6
Pine-thistle! has but one kind, but there are different kinds of satHower, the wild and the culti- vated. Again of the wild kind there are two forms, one very like the cultivated except that the stalk is straighter ; wherefore in ancient times women sometimes used it to make distaffs.2 It has a fruit which is black large and bitter. The other is leafy, and its stalks are like those of the sow-thistle,? so that to some extent it comes to have a prostrate stem; for on account of the softness of the stalks 4 it bends down towards the ground; and it has a small® fruit, which is bearded. All the forms pro- duce abundant seed,° but it is larger’ and more crowded in the wild forms. This kind has also a peculiarity as compared with other wild plants ; these are usually coarser and more spinous than the culti- vated forms, but in this plant the wild form is softer and smoother.
The akorna resembles in a general way in appear- ance the cultivated satHower, but has a yellowish colour and a sticky juice.§ There is also a plant called distaff-thistle, which is whiter than these. A peculiarity of the leaf of this is that, if it is stripped off and applied to the flesh, the contact makes the juice blood-coloured,’ wherefore some call this kind of spinous plant ‘ blood-wort’ ; also it has an abomin- able smell, like that of blood ; it matures its fruit late,
mwywoves: G. has fructum amarum (see last note) frequentem barbaeque modo hirsutum gignit: sunt ambo seminosa. W. conj. πωγωνοσπέρματα δ᾽ εἰσὶ πᾶσαι, which is not convincing. I have retained the corrupt text and translate in the light of G.
7 μείζοσι : sc. σπέρμασι, but σπερματώδεις cannot be right.
8 χυλὸν add. St.; om. Ald.; succo pingus G3 pinguiore succo Plin. .c. 9 cf.9. 1.1. Plin. 21. 95.
27
THEOPHRASTUS
Topov. τὸ δ᾽ ὅλον ὡς ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν ἅπασα ἡ ἀκανικὴ φύσις ὀψίκαρπος. ἅπαντα δὲ ταῦτα φύεται καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ σπέρματος καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς pins, @ ὥστε βραχύν τινα γίνεσθαι τὸν ἀνὰ μέσον χρόνον τῆς ἐκφύσεως τε καὶ τῆς τοῦ σπέρματος τελειώσεως.
Τοῦ σκολύμου δὲ οὐχ ὅτι τοῦτο μόνον ἴδιον, ὅ ὅτι τὴν ῥίξαν ἐδώδιμον ἔχει καὶ ἑφθὴν καὶ ὠμήν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅτι τότε ἀρίστην ὅταν ἀνθῇ καὶ ὅτι σκληρυνομένη ἀφίησιν ὁπόν. ἴδιον δὲ καὶ τὸ τῆς ἀνθήσεως" ἐπεὶ περὶ τροπάς.
,Σαρκώδης δὲ καὶ ἐδώδιμος ἡ ἡ τοῦ σόγκου'" ἡ δὲ κύησις οὐκ ἀκανώδης ἀλλὰ προμήκης αὐτοῦ" καὶ τοῦτ᾽ ἴδιον μόνον ἔχει τῶν φυλλακάνθων ἀντ- εστραμμένως ἢ ἢ ὁ χαμαιλέων" ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἀφυλλ- άκανθος ὧν axaviter. γηράσκον δὲ τὸ ἄνθος ἐκπαπποῦται, καθάπερ τὸ τῆς ἀπάπης καὶ τὸ τῆς μυρίκης καὶ ὅσα παραπλήσια τούτοις. παρακο- λουθεῖ δὲ μέχρι τοῦ θέρους τὸ μὲν κυνοῦν τὸ δὲ ἀνθοῦν τὸ δὲ σπέρμα τίκτον, μικρὰν ἰκμάδα καὶ κέντρον ἔχον' ξηραινόμενον δὲ τὸ φύλλον διαχεῖ- ται καὶ οὐκέτι κεντεῖ.
Ἡ ἰξίνη δὲ φύεται μὲν οὐ πολλαχοῦ, ῥιξόφυλ- λον δέ ἐστιν. ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς ῥίξης μέσης ὁ σπερ- ματικὸς ἄκανος ἐπιπέφυκεν, ὥσπερ μῆλον εὖ
1 ἀκανικὴ conj. Bod., cf. 6. 4. 4 πη.; ἀκανθικὴ Ald. 2 ef. Hes. Op. 582. 8 σόγκου conj. C. Hoffmann ; ὄγκου Ald. 4 κύησις : ἴ.6. flower-head. cf. κύημα 6. 4.3; Plin. 21. 94. . ath conj. Scal.; ἀκανθώδης Ald. ef. 6. ‘4, 3 nn. 8 of. 6. 4. 3. T.’s information seems to be incorrect, 88
28
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI, tv. 6-9
towards autumn. Indeed, generally speaking, all plants like the thistle-tribe 1 are late fruiting. All these plants grow both from seed and from the root, so that there is but a short period between the beginning of growth and the maturing of the seed.
Golden thistle has not only this peculiarity, that it has a root which is edible, whether boiled or raw, but the root is best when the plant is in flower, and, as it becomes hard, it produces a juice. The flowering time 2 is also peculiar, about the solstice.
The root of the sow-thistle? is also fleshy and edible ; but the swollen part‘ is elongated and not thistle-like®; and, alone of the spinous-leaved plants, it has this peculiarity, in which it is the reverse of the chamaeleon,® (for that plant, though it has not spinous leaves, has a thistle-like flower-head). The flower of the sow-thistle, as it ages, turns into down, as do that of the dandelion’ the tamarisk ὃ and other plants like these. In its growth ® there is a succes- sion up to the summer, part forming flowers, part flowering, and part producing seed?°; this !! has little moisture in it and has a sharp point. The leaf, as it dries, becomes flaccid and no longer pricks.
Izine does not grow in many places, and it has leaves on the root. From the middle of the root grows the seed-bearing thistle-head, which is like
both of the plants which he calls χαμαιλέων (see Index) have spinous leaves. 7 ἀπάπης conj. Sch., cf. 7. 8. 8; πάπνης Ὁ; δαπάνης P; δάφνη» Ald. 5 μυρίκης conj. Sch.; μυρίνης M ; pupplyns Ald. 9. cf. Plin. dc. 10 σπέρμα ee I conj.; σπέρματος μὲν Ald.H.; σπερ- μοτόκουν Con). 1 Text perhaps defective.
29
10
11
THEOPHRASTUS
μάλα ᾿ἐπικεκρυμμένον ὑπὸ τῶν φύλλων' οὗτος δὲ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἄκρου φέρει τὸ δάκρυον εὔστομον, καὶ τοῦτό ἐστιν ἡ ἀκανθικὴ μαστίχη. ταῦ- τα μὲν οὖν καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα πανταχοῦ σχεδόν ἐστιν.
"H_ δὲ κάκτος καλουμένη περὶ Σικελίαν μόνον, ἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν. ἴδιον δὲ παρὰ τἄλλα τὸ φυτόν: ἀφίησι γὰρ εὐθὺς ἀπὸ τῆς ῥίζης καυλοὺς ἐπιγείους, τὸ δὲ φύλλον ἔχει πλατὺ καὶ ἀκανθῶδες" καλοῦσι δὲ τοὺς καυλοὺς τούτους κάκτους" ἐδώδιμοι δέ εἰσι περιλεπόμενοι μικρὸν ἐπίπικροι, καὶ θησαυρίζουσιν αὐτοὺς ἐν ἅλμῃ.
“Ἕτερον δὲ καυλὸν ὀρθὸν ἀφίησιν, ὃν καλοῦσι πτέρνικα' γίνεται δὲ καὶ οὗτος ἐδώδιμος πλὴν ἀθησαύριστος. τὸ δὲ περικάρπιον, ἐν ᾧ τὸ σπέρμα, τὴν μὲν μορφὴν ἀκανῶδες, ἀφαιρεθέν- των δὲ τῶν παππωδῶν σπερμάτων. ἐδώδιμον καὶ τοῦτο καὶ ἐμφερὲς τῷ τοῦ φοίνικος ἐγ- κεφάλφ' καλοῦσι δὲ αὐτὸ σκαλίαν. τὰ μὲν οὖν φυλλάκανθα σκεπτέον ἐν τοιαύταις δια- φοραῖς.
V. Τὰ δὲ καὶ παρὰ τὴν ἄκανθαν ἔχοντα φύλλον, οἷον τὰ τοιαῦτα φέως ὄνωνις παντά- δουσα τρίβολος ἱππόφεως pudxavOos .... τε σφόδρα καὶ τὸ φύλλον ἔχει σαρκῶδες: πολυ-
1 ὑπὸ conj. Sch.; ἐπὶ Ald.; Plin. dc. malwm contectum sua fronde. 2 ef. 9. 1. 3. 3 cf. Plin. 12. 72. 4 Plin. 21. 97; Athen. 2. 83. δ πλατὺ add. Scal. from Athen. lc. , ef. Plin. d.c.; om. Ald.H. The ‘stems’ are the pstioles of the leaves. 8 ἀκανῶδες conj. Sch.; ἀκανθῶδες Ald.
30
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. tv. 9-ν. 1
an apple and well hidden by! the leaves ; this on its head produces its gum,’ which is pleasant to the taste, and this is the ‘thorn-mastich.’ 3 These plants and others like them are found almost everywhere.
4 But the plant called saktos (cardoon) grows only in Sicily, and not in Hellas. It is a plant quite different from any other ; for it sends up straight from the root stems which creep on the ground, and its leaf is broad® and spinous: these stems are called kaktoi; they are edible, if peeled, and are slightly bitter, and men preserve them in brine.
There is another kind which sends up an erect stem, called the pternix. This too is edible, but can- not be preserved. The fruit-vessel, which contains the seed, is in shape like a thistle-head®: and when the downy seeds are taken off, this too is edible and resembles the ‘ brain’ ’ of the palm ; and it is called skalias.® Such are the different characteristics in the light of which we may observe the spinous- leaved plants.
V. Examples of plants which have leaves as well as spines are pheos® rest-harrow star-thistle caltrop ‘horse-pheos’ © (spurge) butcher’s broom?! .. . ,!? and it has a fleshy leaf: it is much divided and has
7 a4.e. ‘cabbage.’ cf. 2. 6. 2.
8 ascaliam Phin. l.c.; ἀσκάληρον Athen. /.c. Modern Greek σκάληρα. English ‘bottom.’ See Index κάκτος (2).
® péws conj. St,; φλέως Ald. cf. 6. 1. 3. πὰ oe conj. Salm., cf. 6. 5.2; ἱππόφνον Ald. cf. Plin,
1 Diose. 2. 125; Plin. 19. 151. 12 Text defective : the end of one sentence is missing and the beginning of the next, containing the name of a plant.
G attaches the following description to φέως. The plants presently described do not correspond to this list.
31
THEOPHRASTUS
σχιδὲς δὲ καὶ πολύρριζον, οὐ μὴν κατὰ βάθους γε τὰς ῥίζας ἔχον. βλαστάνει δὲ ἅμα Wredds καὶ τοῖς πρώτοις ἀρότοις καὶ ἀφίησι τότε τὸ φύλλον: οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἐπέτειον ἀλλὰ χρονιώ- τερον.
Τὸ δὲ τῆς καππάριος ἴδιον, ὥσπερ ἐλέχθη, παρὰ ταῦτα' καὶ γὰρ τὸ φύλλον ἐπακανθίζον ἔχει καὶ τὸν καυλόν, οὐχ ὥσπερ ὁ φέως καὶ ἱππόφεως ἀνάκανθα τοῖς φύλλοις" μονόρριξον δὲ καὶ ἐπίγειον καὶ χαμαίΐκαυλον' βλαστάνει δὲ καὶ ἀνθεῖ τοῦ θέρους καὶ διαμένει τὸ φύλλον χλωρὸν ἄχρι Πλειάδος. χαίρει δὲ ὑφάμμοις καὶ λεπτογείοις χωρίοις" λέγεται δὲ ὡς ἐν τοῖς ἐργασίμοις οὐ θέλει φύεσθαι, καὶ ταῦτα περὶ τὰ ἄστη καὶ ἐν εὐγείοις τόποις φυομένη καὶ οὐχ ὥσπερ σίλφιον ἐν ὀρεινοῖς" τοῦτο μὲν «οὖν!» ov πάντως ἀληθές.
Ὃ δὲ τρίβολος ἴδιον ἔχει, διότι περικαρπι- ἀκανθός ἐστι. δύο δ᾽ αὐτοῦ γένη" τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἔχει φύλλον ἐρεβινθῶδες, ἕτερος δὲ φυλλάκανθος' ἐπίγειοε δὲ ἄμφω καὶ πολλαχῆ σχιζόμενοι" ὀψιυ- βλαστὴς δὲ μᾶλλον ὁ φυλλάκανθος καὶ φύεται περὶ τὰς αὐλάς. τὸ δὲ σπέρμα τοῦ μὲν πρωΐου σησαμῶδες, τοῦ δὲ ὀψίου στρογγύλον ἐπίμελαν ἐν λοβῷ. καὶ τὰ μὲν οὖν παρὰ τὰ φύλλα καὶ ἄκανθαν ἔχοντα σχεδὸν ἐν τούτοις.
Ἡ δ᾽ ὄνωνίς ἐστι πτορθάκανθον' ἐπέτειον δὲ τὸ φύλλον ἔχει πηγανῶδες παραπεφυκὸς παρ᾽
1 ἀρότοις conj. Bod.; ἀρότροις Ald. cf. 8. 1. 2.
2 χότε conj. St.; τοῦτο Ald. 3 of. Pall. 10. 13. 2.
4 ὁ péws conj. St.; ὄφεως Ald. Bas.Cam.H.; ὁ φλεὼς mBas. 5 Plin, 21. 91.
32
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. v. 1-3
many roots, but is not deep-rooting. It grows at the rising of the Pleiad, the first seed-time,! and then 3 puts forth its leaf; for it is not annual, but lives longer than one year. _ 3 Caper, as was said, is quite distinct from these ; it has a spinous leaf and a spinous stem, whereas pheos* and ‘horse-pheos’ have no spines on their leaves>; it has a single ® root, is low-growing,’ and has a creeping stem ; it grows and flowers in summer, and the leaf remains green till the rising of the Pleiad. It rejoices in sandy light soils, and it is said that it is unwilling to grow on cultivated land, and that though it grows near towns and in good soil, and not, like silphium, in mountain country. This account however 8 is not altogether accurate.
°A peculiarity of caltrop is that it is spinous- fruited.!°. There are two kinds; one has a leaf like that of chick-pea, the other has spinous leaves. Both are low-growing and much divided, but the spinous-leaved form grows later and is found near enclosures. The seed of the early kind is like that of sesame, that of the late kind is round and blackish and enclosed in a pod. These may serve as examples of plants which have spines as well as leaves.
12 Rest-harrow has spines on the shoots; the leaf, which is annual,}5 is like that of rue, and grows right along the stem, so that the general appearance is
® Diosc. 2. 173 gives a different account.
7 of. 7. 8. 1.
8 οὖν add. W. (in comm.) from G.
® Plin. 21. 98. 10 of. 6. 1. 3.
11 τὰ μὲν οὖν παρὰ τὰ φύλλα conj. Sch. (οὖν add. W.); τὰ μὲν οὖν ὥσπερ ἀνάφυλλα Ald.H. 12 Plin. 21. 98.
13 T have altered the punctuation ; πτορθάκανθον, ἐπέτειον δέ: τὸ φ. κτλ. W. after UMP.
33
VOL, 1]. D
THEOPHRASTUS
ὅλον τὸν καυλόν, ὥστε καθάπερ στεφάνου τὴν ὅλην εἶναι μορφήν, διαλαμβανομένων ἐπαλλή- λων! κολοβοανθὴς δὲ καὶ ἐλλοβόκαρπος ἀδια- 4 φράκτως" φύεται δ᾽ ἐν τῇ γλίσχρᾳ καὶ yavwoer καὶ μάλιστα ἐν τῇ σπορίμῳ καὶ γεωργουμένῃ,. δ ὃ καὶ πολέμιον τοῖς γεωργοῖς: καὶ ἔστι δυσώλεθρος" ὅταν γὰρ λάβῃ χώρας βάθος, ὠθεῖ- ται κάτω εὐθὺς καὶ καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἔτος ἀποφύσεις ἀφεμένη εἰς τὰ πλάγια πάλιν εἰς τὸ ἕτερον ὠθεῖται κάτω σπαστέα μὲν οὖν ὅλη" τοῦτο δὲ βραχείσης γίνεται τῆς γῆς καὶ ἀπόλλυται ῥᾷον: ἐὰν δὲ καὶ μικρὸν ἀπολειφθῇ, ἀπὸ τούτον πάλιν βλαστάνει: ἄρχεται δὲ τῆς βλαστήσεως θέρους τελειοῦται δὲ μετοπώρου. τὰ μὲν οὖν ἄγρια τῶν φρυγανικῶν ἐκ τούτων θεωρείσθω.
VI. Τὰ δὲ ἥμερα βραχεῖάν τινα ἔχει θεωρίαν, ἅπερ ἐν τοῖς στεφανωματικοῖς ἐστι.
Τὰ δὲ καθ᾽ ὅλου πειρατέον περὶ στεφανωμάτων εἰπεῖν, ὅπως ἅπαν περιληφθῇ τὸ γένος. ἡ γὰρ στεφανωματικὴ φύσις ἰδίαν τινὰ ἔχει τάξιν, ἐπιμιγνυμένη ἰδὲ τὰ μὲν τοῖς φρυγανικοῖς τὰ δὲ τοῖς ποιώδεσι" δι’ ὃ κἀκεῖνα συμπεριίληπτέον ἐπιμιμνησκομένους ὡς ἂν ἢ ὁ καιρός, ἀρξαμένους
2 πρῶτον ἀπὸ τῶν φρυγανικῶν. διχῆ δὲ ἡ τούτων
1 Evidently some conventional way of making a wreath.
2 διαλαμβανομένων ἐπαλλήλων conj. W.; διαλαμβανομένην ὑπ’ ἀλλήλων Ald. cf. Plat. Prot. 346 Ε, where the verb means ‘to punctuate.’
3 κολοβοανθὴς ; cf. 8. 3. 3.
34
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. ν. 3-v1. 2
that of a garland,! the leaves being set at intervals alternately along it?; the flower is irregular,’ and the fruit contained in a pod,‘ which is not divided into compartments.° It grows in sticky rich soil and especially in sown and cultivated land; wherefore it is an enemy to husbandmen, and it is hard,to kill; for, when it gets hold of a piece of ground, it im- mediately pushes its roots down deep,® and every year it sends up new growths at the sides and the next year’ it roots these again. Wherefore it has to be dragged up entire®; this is done when the ground has been moistened, and then it is easier to destroy. But, if but a small piece is left, it shoots again from this. It begins to grow in summer and completes its growth in autumn. Let these examples serve for a survey of the wild forms of under-shrubs.
Of cultivated under-shrubs (coronary plants), with which are included those coronary plants which are herbaceous.
VI. The cultivated kinds need but a brief survey ; these ® come under the class of coronary plants.
Of coronary plants we must endeavour to give a general account, so that the whole class may be included. This group has a somewhat peculiar position, since it overlaps partly the under-shrubs, partly the herbaceous plants; wherefore the latter must also be included and we must mention them as occasion serves, taking first the under-shrubs.
4 ἐλλοβόκαρπος conj. Sch.; ἐλλοβοάνθης Ald.
5 of. 8. 5. 2.
δ ὠθεῖται κάτω conj. Sch.; ὠθεῖ τὰ κάτω Ald.
7 εἰς τὸ ἕτερον, sc. Eros; τῷ ἑτέρῳ conj. Sch.
8 σπαστέα μὲν οὖν ὅλη conj. W.; σταθεῖσα μὲν οὕτως ὅλη Ald. ® ἅπερ con). Sch.; εἴπερ UMAIA.G.
35 pn 2
THEOPHRASTUS
\ \ ’ aA \ \ διαίρεσις ἡ κατὰ τὴν χρείαν. τῶν μὲν γὰρ TO ἄνθος μόνον χρήσιμον καὶ τούτων τὸ μὲν εὔοσμον, [χὰ » ἃ + ν Φ 7 , ὥσπερ ἴον, τὸ δ᾽ ἄνοσμον, ὥσπερ διόσανθος φλόξ. τῶν δὲ καὶ οἱ κλῶνες. καὶ τὰ φύλλα καὶ ὅλως e na 4 v e 4 e ’ ἡ πᾶσα φύσις εὔοσμος, οἷον ἑρπύλλου ἑλενίου
n ΝΜ σισυμβρίονυ τῶν ἄλλων. ἄμφω δὲ φρυγανικά. 3 / a 3 a a e 4 κἀκείνων TOV ἀνθικῶν πολλῶν ἡ φύσις Ppvya-
/
νώδης, ἡ μὲν ἐπέτειος οὖσα μόνον, ἡ δὲ πολυ- 4 \ > ’ a ’ χρονιωτέρα, πλὴν ἰωνίας τῆς μελαίνης: αὕτη \ yap ἄκλων ὅλως ἀλλὰ προσριζόφυλλος καὶ ἀεί- / φυλλος, ὡς δέ τινές φασι καὶ δυναμένη δι᾽ ὅλον Ν » \
φέρειν τὸ ἄνθος, ἐὰν τρόπῳ τινὶ θεραπεύηται. τοῦτο μὲν ἴδιον ἂν ἔχοι.
Τῶν δὲ ἄλλων μᾶλλον δὲ τῶν πάντων αἱ μὲν
δ \ - ὅλαι μορφαὶ σχεδὸν πᾶσι φανεραί: εἰ δέ τινας » 3 , Μ 4 , 3 ἄλλας ἰδιότητας ἔχουσι, ταύτας λεκτέον, οἷον εἰ τὰ μὲν ἁπλᾶ δοκεῖ τοῖς εἴδεσιν εἶναι τὰ δὲ ἔχειν διαφοράς. a \ \ ᾿Απλᾶ μὲν οὖν τὰ ξυλώδη, καθάπερ ἕρπυλλος /
σισύμβριον édéviov: πλὴν εἰ TA μὲν ἄγρια τὰ δὲ . \ \ \ v \ \ 93 / , 9 ἥμερα καὶ «τὰ μὲν» εὔοσμα τὰ δὲ ἀοσμότερά ἐστι: τούτων δὲ καὶ αἱ θεραπεῖαι καὶ αἱ χῶραι διά- φοροι καὶ οἱ dépes. ἔνια δὲ καὶ τῶν ἀνθῶν, οἷον τὸ μέλαν ἴον" οὐ γὰρ ἔχειν δοκεῖ τοῦτο διαφορὰν
1 Plin. 21. 59.
2 So Plin. l.c.; but Nic. ap. Athen. 15. 31 calls this flower fragrant.
3 πρλλῶν conj. W.; πολλὰ UMAId.
4 οἷον εἰ conj. W.; ὅτι Ald. 5 οὖν conj. W.; οἷον Ald.
36
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vi. 2-3
1These may be divided into two groups according to their uses. Of some only the flower is service- able; and of these some are sweet-scented, as gilliflower, some scentless, as carnation? and wall- flower. Of others again the branches leaves and in fact the whole growth are sweet-scented, as with tufted thyme calamint bergamot-mint and the rest. Both groups however belong to the under-shrubs. And of the first-mentioned, those valued for their flowers, the growth is in most? cases that of under- shrubs, (in some annual merely, in others of longer duration) except in the violet; for this is altogether without branches, its leaves grow close to the root, and it is always in leaf; while, as some say, it is able to bear flowers continuously, if it is tended in a certain way. This may be considered a peculiar characteristic of this plant.
Of the others, or rather of all the group, the general appearance is in each case plain to all; any peculiarities that they may exhibit we must mention, for instance, if* some appear to have but a single form, while others have various forms.
Thus 5 those of woody character, as tufted thyme bergamot-mint calamint, have but one form, un- less one counts wild and cultivated, scented and scentless plants, as belonging to distinct forms; and again there are with these plants differences of culture of position and of climate. Some also ® of the group valued for their flowers’ have each but one form, for instance, the black zon (violet) ; for this does not appear to have different forms
6 ἔνια δὲ καὶ conj. W.; ἔνιοι δὲ UMAI. 7 ἀνθῶν in the sense of ἀνθικῶν ὃ 2, which perhaps should be read here.
37
THEOPHRASTUS
N “ a ὥσπερ TO λευκόν: ἐμφανὴς yap ἡ τούτων χροιὰ ιν Ἁ A a διαλλάττουσα, καὶ ἔτι δὴ μᾶλλον ἡ τῶν κρίνων, 4 A εἴπερ δή, καθάπερ φασίν, ἔνια καὶ πορφυρᾶ ἐστι. A \ , Τῶν δὲ ῥόδων πολλαὶ διαφοραὶ πλήθει τε 4 3 , Ἁ / \ 4 φύλλων καὶ ὀλιγότητι καὶ τραχύτητι καὶ λειότητι καὶ εὐχροίᾳ καὶ εὐοσμίᾳ. τὰ μὲν γὰρ πλεῖστα \ πεντάφυλλα, Ta δὲ δωδεκάφυλλα καὶ εἰκοσίφυλλα, \ ΙΝ a a ς / 4 » τὰ δ᾽ ἔτι πολλῷ πλεῖον ὑπεραίροντα τούτων" ἔνια \ 4 , a \ a e / yap eval φασιν ἃ Kal καλοῦσιν εἑκατοντἀφυλλα: ray \ δον πλεῖστα δὲ τὰ τοιαῦτά ἐστι περὶ Φιλίππους" οὗτοι γὰρ λαμβάνοντες ἐκ τοῦ Ilayyatov φυτεύ- 3 Ὁ A , 4 4 \ , ουσιν" ἐκεῖ yap γίνεται πολλά" σμικρὰ δὲ σφόδρα Ν 3 Ν 4 e \ » 3 A Ὁ τὰ ἐντὸς φύλλα' ἡ γὰρ ἔκφυσις αὐτῶν οὕτως ν 4 \ \ 2 Ν > 9 , 3 ν ὥστε εἶναι τὰ μὲν ἐκτὸς τὰ δ᾽ ἐντός" οὐκ εὔοσμα δὲ ἠδὲ a a θ0 3 δὲ “ , ὲ οὐδὲ μεγάλα τοῖς μεγέθεσιν. ἐν δὲ τοῖς peya- Rots εὐώδη μᾶλλον ὧν τραχὺ τὸ κάτω. τὸ δὲ if 4 ὅλον, ὥσπερ ἐλέχθη, καὶ ἡ εὔχροια καὶ ἡ εὐοσμία \ / a a παρὰ τοὺς τόπους ἐστίν: ἐπεὶ καὶ τὰ ἐν γῇ TH αὐτῇ γινόμενα ποιεῖ τινα παραλλαγὴν εὐοσμίας \ b / 3 ’ \ \ 3 ’ ᾽ καὶ ἀοσμίας. εὐοσμότατα δὲ τὰ ἐν Κυρήνῃ, δι A Ἁ ’ Ω e A \ \ “Ὁ » ὃ καὶ τὸ μύρον ἥδιστον. ἁπλῶς δὲ καὶ τῶν ἴων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀνθῶν ἄκρατοι μάλιστα ἐκεῖθι
1 of. 6. 8. 1 η.; Diose. 3. 102. 2 Plin. 21. 14-21; Athen. 15. 29. " 3 2,6. of the bark. ef. Plin. 21. 17, scabritza corticis.
4 Sc. in ‘double’ roses. 5 i.e. the hip; called ὄμφαλος Arist. Probl. 12. 8; where
the same statement is made ; called μῆλον below, ὃ 6.
38
aN a pt eS a = Ul
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. νι. 3-5
like the white ton (gilliflower) in which the colour evidently varies; as does still more that of the lilies, if it be true, as some say, that there is a crimson kind.!
2Among roses there are many differences, in the number of petals, in roughness? in beauty of colour, and in sweetness of scent. Most have five petals, but some have twelve or twenty, and some a great many more than these; for there are some, they say, which are even called ‘ hundred- petalled.’ Most of such roses grow near Philippi ; for the people of that place get them on Mount Pangaeus, where they are abundant, and plant -them. However the inner petals‘ are very small, (the way in which they are produced being such that some are outside, some inside). Some kinds are not fragrant nor of large size. Among those which have large flowers those in which the part below the flower is rough are the more fragrant. In general, as has been said, good colour and scent depend upon locality; for even bushes which are growing in the same ® soil shew some variation in the presence or absence of a sweet scent. Sweetest- scented of all are the roses of Cyrene, wherefore the perfume made from these is the sweetest. (Indeed it may be said generally that the scents? of the gilliflowers® also and of the other flowers of that place are the purest, and especially the
8 τῇ αὐτῇ conj. Sch.; τοιαύτῃ U; τοιαῦτα M.
7 ἄκρατοι μάλιστα ἐκεῖθι ai ὀσμαί conj. Sch. after Saracenus on Diosc. 1. 25; Athen. l.c. (&xparot μάλιστα καὶ θεῖαι ai ὀσμαί) ; ἄκρατοι" μάλιστα δ᾽ ἐκείνου ai ὀσμαί Ald.; ἐκεῖ αἱ ὀσμαὶ (rest uncertain) U. cf. C.P. 6. 18. 3.
8. 3 violets and gilliflowers: see Index.
39
THEOPHRASTUS
αἱ ὀσμαί, διαφερόντως δὲ τοῦ κρόκου" πλέϊστον γὰρ οὗτος δοκεῖ παραλλάττειν. φύεται μὲν οὖν ἡ ῥοδωνία καὶ ἐκ τοῦ σπέρματος: ἔχει δὲ ὑπὸ τὸ ἄνθος ἐν τῷ μήλῳ κνηκῶδες ἢ ἀκανῶδες, ἔχον δέ τινα χνοῦν ὥστε ἐγγὺς εἶναι τῶν παππωδῶν σπερμάτων: οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ βραδέως παρα- γίνεσθαι κατακόπτοντες, ὡς ἐλέχθη, τὸν καυλὸν φυτεύουσιν. ἐπικαιομένη δὲ καὶ ἐπιτεμνομένη βέλτιον φέρει τὸ ἄνθος: ἐωμένη γὰρ ἐξαύξεται καὶ ἀπολοχμοῦται. δεῖ δὲ καὶ μεταφυτεύειν πολλάκις" καὶ γὰρ οὕτω φασὶ κάλλιον γίνεσθαι τὸ ῥόδον. αἱ δ᾽ ἄγριαι τραχύτεραι καὶ ταῖς ῥάβδοις καὶ τοῖς φύλλοις, ἔτε δὲ ἄνθος ἀχρού- στερον ἔχουσι καὶ ἔλαττον.
Τὸ δὲ ἴον τὸ μέλαν τοῦ λευκοῦ διαφέρει κατά τε ἄλλα καὶ κατ᾽ αὐτὴν τὴν ἰωνίαν, ὅτι πλατύ- φυλλός τε καὶ ἐγγειόφυλλος καὶ σαρκόφυλλός ἐστι, πολλὴν ἔχουσα ῥίζαν.
Τὰ δὲ κρίνα τῇ μὲν χροιᾷ τὴν εἰρημένην ἔχει διαφοράν. μονόκαυλα δέ ἐστιν ὡς ἐπὶ πᾶν, δικαυλεῖ δὲ σπανίως" τάχα δὲ τοῦτο χώρας καὶ ἀέρος διαφορᾶς. ᾿ καθ᾽ ἕκαστον δὲ καυλὸν ὁτὲ μὲν ὃν κρίνον ὁτὲ δὲ πλείω γίνεται" βλαστάνει γὰρ τὸ ἄκρον: σπανιώτερα δὲ ταῦτα" ῥίζαν δὲ ἔχει πολλὴν σαρκώδη καὶ στρογγύλην" ὁ δὲ καρπὸς
1 διαφερόντως δὲ τοῦ κρόκου conj. Saracenus from Athen. l.c.; διαφερόντως δὴ τοῦ χρόνου Ald. cf Callim. Hymn to Apollo 83, whence it appears that an autumnal crocus (crocus
sativus) is meant. See below § 10. ? ἀκανῶδες conj. Sch. from G, acanaceum ; ἀνθῶδες UMAId.
8 παππωδῶν conj. Sch.; πρώτων Ald.
4 Plin. 21. 27. 40
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vi. 5-8
scent of the saffron-crocus,! a plant which seems to vary in this respect more than any other). Roses can be grown from seed, which is to be found below the flower in the ‘apple,’ and is like that of safflower or pine-thistle,? but it has a sort of fluff, so that it is not unlike the seeds which have a pappus.2 As however the plant comes slowly from seed, they make cuttings of the stem, as has been said, and plant them. Ifthe bush is burnt or cut over, it bears better flowers ; for, if left to itself, it grows luxuriantly and makes too much wood. Also it has to be often transplanted; for then, they say, the roses are improved. The wild kinds are rougher both in stem and in leaf, and have also smaller flowers of a duller colour.
*The black zon (violet) differs from the white ion (gilliflower) not only in other respects but in the plant itself, in that in the former the leaves are broad, lie close to the ground, and are fleshy, and there is much root.
5 Krina (lilies) shew the variation in colour which has been already mentioned. The plant has in general a single stem, but occasionally divides into two, which may be due to differences’ in position and climate. On each stem grows sometimes one flower, but sometimes more; (for it is the top of the stem which produces the flower®) but this sort is less common. There is an ample root, which is fleshy and round. If the fruit is taken off, it
δ᾽ Plin. 21. 25. The account of herbaceous coronary plants seems to begin hcre. cf. 6. 6. 10. 6 6. 6. 3.
7 διαφορᾶς U; διαφορᾷ W. after Sch.
8 βλαστάνει. But this word in IT. has usually a more
eneral sense. ? ‘for in that case the top of the stem
ranches’ (lit. ‘makes fresh growth’).
41
10
THEOPHRASTUS
2 a, 3 4, > 4 \ ἀφαιρούμενος ἐκβλαστάνει καὶ ἀποδίδωσι τὸ ’ὔ \ + A / , κρίνον πλὴν ἔλαττον. ποιεῖ δέ τινα Kal δακρυώδη
συρροήν, ἣν καὶ φυτεύουσιν, ὥσπερ εἴπομεν. Ὅ δὲ , A N , € \ \ A € νάρκισσος ἢ TO λείριον, οἱ μὲν yap τοῦτο e 3 3 a A \ ‘ > \ A a 4 οἱ δ᾽ ἐκεῖνο καλοῦσι, TO μὲν ἐπὶ τῇ γῇ φύλλον ἀσφοδελῶδες ἔχει, πλατύτερον δὲ πολύ, καθάπερ e ’ Ν \ Ἁ Ν \ , ἡ κρινωνία, τὸν δὲ καυλὸν ἄφυλλον μὲν ποώδη δὲ καὶ ἐξ ἄκρου τὸ ἄνθος, καὶ ἐν ὑμένι τινὶ καθάπερ ἐν ἀγγείῳ «καρπὸν; μέγαν εὖ μάλα καὶ μέλανα τῇ χροιᾷ σχήματι δὲ προμήκη. οὗτος δ᾽ ἐκπίπτων ποιεῖ βλάστησιν αὐτόματον: οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ συλλέγοντες πηγνύουσι καὶ τὴν ῥίζαν φυτεύουσιν. ἔχει ῥίζαν σαρκώδη στρογγύλην 4 Μ \ , \ \ 9 le) μεγάλην. ὄψιον δὲ σφόδρα" μετὰ yap ᾿Αρκτοῦρον ἡ ἄνθησις καὶ περὶ ἰσημερίαν. Ὅ δὲ 4 © \ a / θ / ὶ ὲ κρόκος ποώδης μὲν τῇ φύσει, καθάπερ κα “Ὁ Ἁ 4 A \ \ [χὰ ταῦτα, πλὴν φύλλῳ στενῷ, σχεδὸν γὰρ ὥσπερ τριχὐόφυλλόν ἐστιν' ὀψιανθὲς δὲ σφόδρα καὶ 3 \ A “ 7 € / 4 ὀψιβλαστὲς ἢ πρωϊανθές, ὁποτέρως τις λαμβάνοι τὴν ὥραν' «μετὰ» Πλειάδα γὰρ ἀνθεῖ καὶ ὀλίγας e / 3 \ 3 [4 [οἱ 4 \ Ἁ 4 ἡμέρας: εὐθὺς δ' ἅμα τῷ φύλλῳ καὶ τὸ ἄνθος ὠθεῖ: δοκεῖ δὲ καὶ πρότερον' ῥίζα δὲ πολλὴ καὶ ὃ ὶ N . 3 a δὲ \ σαρκώδης, Kal τὸ ὅλον εὔξωον: φιλεῖ δὲ καὶ πατεῖσθαι καὶ γίνεται καλλίων κατατριβομένης
1 of. ἃ. 2.1 n., 9.14; C.P. 1.4.46. Plin. 21. 26 describes a method of artificially producing crimson lilies from the bulbils of a white lily. cf. Geop. 11. 20.
2 ¢f.6.8. land 3. Sce Index. 3 of. 7. 13. 1.
4 ποώδη :- οἵ. 4. 10. 3.
42
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. νι. 8-10
germinates and produces a fresh plant, but of smaller size; the plant also produces a sort of tear-like exudation, which men also plant, as we have said.!
The narcissus? or letrion (for some call it by the one name, some by the other) has its ground-leaves like those of the asphodel,? but much _ broader, like those of the krinon (lily); its stem is leafless and grass-green‘ and bears the flower at the top; the fruit® is in a kind of membrane-like vessel, and is very large, black in colour, and oblong in shape. This as it falls germinates of its own accord ; however men collect and set® the seed, and also plant the root, which is fleshy round and large. The plant blooms very late,’ after the setting of Arcturus about the equinox.
8 The saffron-crocus is herbaceous in character, like the above-mentioned plants,® but has a narrow leaf; indeed the leaves are, as it were, hair-like; it blooms very late, and grows either late or early, according as one looks at the season 10 ; for it blooms after 1! the rising of the Pleiad and only for a few days. It pushes up the flower at once with the leaf, or even seems to do so earlier. The root!” is large and fleshy, and the whole plant vigorous ; it loves even to be trodden on and grows fairer when the root is crushed into the ground by the
5 καρπὸν omitted in MSS.; add. Dalec. from Diosc. 4. 158.
ὁ πῃγνύουσι: cf. 7. 4. 3n.
7 of. C.P. 1. 10. 5; Plin. lc. (a much confused passage).
8 Plin. 21. 31-34.
® Sc. κρίνον and νάρκισσος ; cf. 6.6. 8 n.
10 2,6. whether at the end of one season or the beginning of the next. cf. C.P. 1.10. 5. λαμβάνοι U; λαμβάνει Ald.
N μετὰ add. W. 2 οἵ. 7. 9. 4.
43
11
THEOPHRASTUS
πάτῳ τῆς ῥίξης' δι’ ὃ καὶ παρὰ τὰς ὁδοὺς καὶ ἐν
τοῖς κροτητοῖς κάλλιστος. ἡ δὲ φυτεία ἀπὸ ῥίξης.
Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν οὕτω γεννᾶται. τὰ δ᾽ ἄλλα ἄνθη τὰ προειρημένα πάντα σπείρεται, οἷον ἰωνία διόσανθος ἶφυον φλὸξ ἡμεροκαλλ ές' καὶ Yap αὐτὰ καὶ αἱ ῥίξαι ξυλώδεις: σπείρεται δὲ καὶ ἡ οἰνάνθη: καὶ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο ἀνθῶδες. τὰ μὲν οὖν ἀνθικὰ σχεδὸν ἐν τούτοις καὶ τοῖς ὁμοίοις ληπτέον.
VII. Τὰ δὲ ἕτερα πάντα μὲν ἀνθεῖ καὶ σπερ- μοφορεῖ, δοκεῖ δὲ οὐ πάντα διὰ τὸ “μὴ φανερὸν εἶναί τινων τὸν καρπόν' ἐπεὶ καὶ τὸ ἄνθος ἐνίων ἀμαυρόν' ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι βραδέως καὶ χαλεπω- τέρως παραγίνεται, τῇ φυτείᾳ χρῶνται μᾶλλον, ὥσπερ ἐλέχθη καὶ κατ᾽ ἀρχάς. καίτοι διατεί- νονταί τινες ὡς οὐκ ἐχόντων καρπόν" οἵ τε πεπειρᾶσθαι φάσκοντες καὶ τούτων εἰσίν, αὐτοὶ γὰρ ξηρᾶναι πολλάκις καὶ ἀποτρίψαι καὶ σπεῖραι, καὶ οὐδεπώποτε βλαστεῖν οὔτε ἕρπυλλον οὔτε ἑλένιον οὔτε : σισύμβριον. οὔτε μίνθαν' πεπειρᾶσθαι γὰρ καὶ ταύτης. ἀλλ᾽ ὅμως ἐκεῖνο ἀληθέστερον, ἥ τε τῶν ἀγρίων φύσις ἐπιμαρτυρεῖ" καὶ γὰρ ἕρπυλλός ἐστιν ἄγριος, ὃν κομίξοντες ἐκ τῶν ὀρῶν φυτεύουσι καὶ ἐν Σικνῶνι καὶ ᾿Αθήνῃσιν ἐ ἐκ τοῦ Ὑμηττοῦ' παρ᾽ ἄλλοις δὲ ὅλως ὄρη πλήρη καὶ λόφοι, καθάπερ ἐν τῇ Θράκῃ" καὶ σισύμβριον
1 πάτῳ conj. Turneb. and others ; κάτω Ald,
2 κροτητοῖς : Plin. lc. iuxta semitas ac fontes. Did he read Kpouvots ?
3 ἀνθικὰ conj. Scal.; ἀκανθικὰ Ald. cf. 6. 6. 2.
4 ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι conj. W. from G ; ἄλλα δὲ UMPAId.
44
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. νι. ro—vu. 2
foot': wherefore it is fairest along the roads and in well-worn places.?__ It is propagated from the root.
These are the ways then in which the above plants are grown. All the above-mentioned flowers are grown from seed, as gilliflower carnation spike- lavender wall-flower martagon-lily; these plants themselves, as well as their roots, are woody. Drop-wort is also grown from seed; for that too is a plant grown for its flower. These and other plants like them may serve as examples of plants grown for their flowers.’
VII. All the others flower and bear seed, though they do not all appear to do so, since in some cases the fruit is not obvious. Indeed in some the flower too is inconspicuous, but, because ‘ these grow slowly and with some difficulty, men propagate them rather by off-shoots, as was said at the beginning. How- ever some contend that they have no fruit: and there are men who have actually tried with the following plants®; they have, they say, themselves often dried and rubbed out and sown the apparent fruit of thyme calamint bergamot-mint and green mint (for even that they have tried) and there was no germination from such sowing. However, the account given above is the truer, and the character of the wild forms testifies to this; for there is also a wild thyme (Attic thyme ®), which they bring from the mountains and plant at Sicyon, or from Hymettus and plant at Athens; and in other districts the mountains and hills’ are quite covered with it, for instance in Thrace. There is also a
δ of re... εἰσίν transposed by Sch.; in MSS. after ἀληθέ-
στερον.
6 Plin. 19. 172; Athen. 15. 28. 7 λόφοι conj. W.; τόποι Ald.
45
THEOPHRASTUS
δὲ καὶ τἄλλα ,δριμυτέραν ἔχοντα τὴν ὀσμήν' ἕρπυλλος δ᾽ ἐνίοτε καὶ παντελῶς θυμωδης: ἃ δῆλον ὅ ὅτι ταύτην τὴν γένεσιν λαμβάνει.
᾿Αβρότονον δὲ μᾶλλον ἀπὸ σπέρματος βλα- στάνει ἢ ἀπὸ pins καὶ παρασπάδος" χαλεπῶς δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ σπέρματος" προμοσχευόμενον «δὲ; ἐν ὀστράκοις, ὥσπερ οἱ ᾿Αδώνιδος κῆποι, τοῦ θέρους" δύσριγον γὰρ σφόδρα καὶ ὅλως ἐπίκηρον καὶ ὅποι ὁ ἥλιος σφόδρα λάμπει: ἐμβιῶσαν δὲ καὶ αὐξηθὲν μέγα καὶ ἰσχυρὸν καὶ δενδρῶδες ὥσπερ τὸ πήγα- νον, πλὴν ξυλωδέστερον πολὺ τοῦτο καὶ ξηρότερον καὶ αὐχμωδέστερον.
Ὁ δὲ ἀμάρακος ἀμφοτέρως φύεται, καὶ ἀπὸ παρασπάδος καὶ ἀπὸ σπέρματος" πολύσπερμον δέ, καὶ τὸ σπέρμα εὔοσμον ὀσμῇ μαλακωτέρᾳ' δύναται δὲ καὶ μεταφυτεύεσθαι. πολύσπερμον δὲ καὶ τὸ ἀβρότονον καὶ οὐκ ἄοσμον. τοῦτο δὲ ῥίξας μὲν ἔχει ὀρθὰς καὶ κατὰ βάθους. ἔστι γὰρ ὥσπερ μονόρριξον τῇ παχείᾳ τὰς δ᾽ ἄλλας «ἀφίησιν» ἀπ᾽ αὐτῆς" ὁ ἀμάρακος καὶ ὁ ἕρπυλλος καὶ τὸ σισύμβριον καὶ τὸ ἑλένιον ἐπιπολαίους καὶ πολυσχιδεῖς καὶ ταρρώδεις" ξυλώδεις δὲ πᾶσαι, πολὺ δὲ μᾶλλον ἡ τοῦ ἀβροτόνου καὶ διὰ τὸ
μέγεθος καὶ τῇ ξηρότητι.
1 ἐνίοτε con}. W.; ἐνίοις Ald.
2 Plin, 21. 57. Description of various forms of ἕρπυλλος has perhaps dropped out after this word: cf. ὃ ὅ, καθάπερ ἐλέχθη.
8.2,6. from seed. ταύτην conj. W.; πάντα UMAIA.; ? τάντα ταύτη Ψν.
4 Blin. 21. 34: οἱ. C.P. 1.4.2. &Bpdrovoy .. . θέρους, text nearly as given by Ald. and by UM (?)—supported by Plin.
46
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vu. 2-4
wild bergamot-mint, and wild forms of the other plants mentioned, having a more pungent smell. Thyme is sometimes! quite like cultivated thyme.? Now it is plain that these wild forms possess this means of reproducing themselves.?
Southernwood actually grows more readily from seed than from a root‘ or a piece torn off (though it grows even from seed with difficulty); however it can be propagated by layering in pots in summer- time, like the ‘gardens of Adonis’5; it is indeed very sensitive ® to cold and generally delicate even where the sun shines brightly; but, when it is established and has grown, it becomes tall and strong and tree-like, like rue, except that the latter is much more woody drier and less succulent.
Sweet marjoram grows in either way, from pieces torn off or from seed ; it produces a, quantity of seed, which is fragrant with a delicate scent ; it can also be transplanted.’ Southernwood also produces much seed, which hassome scent. This plant has straight roots which run deep; it has, as it were, its single stout root, from which the others spring;° while sweet marjoram thyme bergamot-mint and calamint have surface 10 roots which are much divided and matted ; in all these plants the roots are woody, but especially in southernwood, because of its size and because it is so dry. lc. so far as that passage is intelligible—but δὲ before ἐν ὀστράκοις add. W.; after ἐν dorp. supply βλαστάνει.
5 cf. Plat. Phaedo 2768 and Thompson’s ἢ. Sir W. Thiselton- Dyer in Companion to Greek Studies, § 99, p. 65.
. ὦ ΟΡ. 4. 8. 2. 7 Plin. 21. 61. 8 μεταφντεύεσθαι con). Sch. from G ; μεταφύεσθαι Ald.
9 ἀφίησιν add. ὟΝ.
10 ἐπιπολαίους conj. Scal.; ἐπὶ πολλοὺς MAld. ef. C.P. 2. 16. 5.
47
i]
THEOPHRASTUS
Tod δὲ ἑρπύλλου ἴδιος ἡ αὔξησις ἡ τῶν βλα- στῶν' δύναται γὰρ ἐφ᾽ ὁσονοῦν προϊέναι κατὰ μῆκος χάρακα λαβὼν ἢ πρὸς αἱμασιὰν φυτευ- θεὶς ἢ κάτω καθιέμενος" εὐαυξέστατος δὲ εἰς φρέαρ. εἴδη δὲ τοῦ μὲν ἡμέρου λαβεῖν οὐκ ἔστι, καθάπερ ἐλέχθη. τοῦ δὲ ἀγρίου φασὶν εἶναι. τοῦ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσιν τὸν μὲν θυμβρώδη τινὰ καὶ δριμύτατον τὸν δ᾽ εὔοσμον εἶναι καὶ μαλακώτερον.
“Opa δὲ τῆς φυτείας πλείστων μετόπωρον, ἐν ᾧ σπεύδουσιν ὡς πρῶτα φυτεύειν" οὐ μὴν ἀλλ᾽ ἔνια καὶ τοῦ ἦρος φυτεύουσιν. ἅπαντα φιλόσκια καὶ φίλυδρα καὶ φιλόκοπρα μάλιστα" αὐχμὸν δὲ δέχεται καὶ ὅλως ὀλιγοῦὔδρότατος ὁ ἕρπυλλος. κόπρῳ δὲ χαίρει, μάλιστα δὲ καὶ τῇ τῶν λοφού- ρων" φασὶ δὲ καὶ μεταφυτεύειν δεῖν πολλάκις" καλλίω γάρ. τὸ δὲ σισύμβριον, ὥσπερ ἐλέχθη, καὶ ἐξίσταται μὴ μεταφυτευόμενον.
VIII. Τῶν δ᾽ ἀνθῶν τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἐκφαίνεται τὸ λευκόϊον, ὅπου μὲν ὁ ἀὴρ μαλακώτερος εὐθὺς τοῦ χειμῶνος, ὅπου δὲ σκληρότερος ὕστερον, ἐνιαχοῦ τοῦ ἦρος. ἅμα δὲ τῷ tw ἢ μικρόν τι ὕστερον καὶ τὸ φλόγινον καλούμενον τὸ ἄγριον"
1 of. Plin. 20. 245 and 246 (not from T.); C.P. 2. 18.2; Diosc. 3. 38; Index ἔρπυλλος.
2 cf. Plin. 19. 172, which refers however to σισύμβριον ; Nic. ap. Athen. 15. 31.
8 Plin. 21. 61.
48
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vi. ςτνπι 1
1The growth of the shoots of thyme is peculiar. If it has a stake, or is planted against a wall, it can send them out to any length; so also if it is let grow downwards ; indeed it is most vigorous when grown into a pit.2 It is not possible to distinguish different forms of the cultivated kind, as has been said, but they say that of the wild kind (Attic thyme) there is more than one form; for that of the kind which grows on the mountains one form is like savory and very pungent, while the other is fragrant and more delicate.
8 The season for planting most of these is autumn, and then men hasten to plant them as early as possible; however some are planted also in spring. All of them love shade,‘ water, and especially dung ; however thyme is patient of drought and, in general, needs moisture less than the others. These plants especially delight in the dung of beasts of burden; and it is said that they should often be transplanted, for that it improves them, while bergamot-mint, as has been said, actually degenerates® if it is not transplanted.
Of the seasons at which coronary plants flower, and of the length of their life.
VIII. Of the flowers the? first to appear is the gilliflower ; where the air is mild, it appears as soon as winter comes, but, where it is more severe, later, sometimes in spring. Along with the gilliflower, or a little later, appears the flower called the wild wall-
4 φιλόσκια conj. Scal. fromG ; φιλοίκια UMAId. cf. Plin. l.c.
5 ἐξίσταται conj. Scal. from Gs, degenerat ; ἐξήτασται MAId.
8 Plin. 21. 64-66; Athen. 15. 26 and 27. ἀνθῶν : ? in the
sense of ἀνθικῶν, as in 6. 6. 3. 7 σὺ conj. Scal.; τοῦ Ald.
49 VOL. 11. E
8
THEOPHRASTUS
ταῦτα yap ὧν οἱ στεφανήπλοκοι χρῶνται πολὺ ἐκτρέχει τῶν ἄλλων. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ὁ νάρ- κισσος καὶ τὸ λείριον, «καὶ τῶν ἀγρίων ἀνεμώ- νῆς γένος τὸ καλούμενον ὄρειον,» καὶ τὸ τοῦ βολβοῦ κώδυον: ἐμπλέκουσι γὰρ ἔνιοι καὶ τοῦτο εἰς τοὺς στεφάνους. ἐπὶ δὲ τούτοις ἡ οἰνάνθη καὶ τὸ μέλαν ἴον καὶ τῶν ἀγρίων ὅ τε ἐλειό- χρυσος καὶ τῆς ἀνεμώνης ἡ λειμωνία καλου- μένη καὶ τὸ ξίφιον καὶ ὑάώκινθος καὶ σχεδὸν. ὅσοις ἄλλοις χρῶνται τῶν ὀρείων. τὸ δὲ ῥόδον ὑστερεὶ τούτων καὶ τελευταῖον μὲν φαίνεται, πρῶτον δ᾽ ἀπολείπει τῶν ἐαρινῶν' ὀλιεγοχρονία γὰρ ἡ ἄνθησις. ὀλιγοχρόνια δὲ καὶ τῶν ay- ρίων τὰ λοιπὰ πλὴν τῆς ὑακίνθου καὶ τῆς ἀγρίας καὶ τῆς σπαρτῆς" αὕτη δὲ διαμένει καὶ τὸ λευκὸν ἴον καὶ ἔτι πλείω τὸ φλόγινον" τὸ δὲ δὴ μέλαν ἴον, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, δι᾿ ἐνιαυτοῦ θεραπείας τυγχάνον. ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ ἡ οἰνάνθη, καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο ἀνθι- κὸν μὲν ποῶδες δὲ τὴν φύσιν, ἐάν τις ἀποκνίξῃ καὶ ἀφαιρῇ τὸ ἄνθος καὶ μὴ ἐᾷ σπερματοῦσθαι καὶ ἔτι τόπον εὔειλον ἔχῃ" τὸ δὲ ἄνθος βοτρυῶδες καὶ λευκὸν καθάπερ τῶν ἀγρίων... ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ὥσπερ ἐαρινὰ φαίνεται.
Τὰ δὲ θερινὰ μᾶλλον ἥ τε λυχνὶς καὶ τὸ διόσανθος καὶ τὸ κρίνον καὶ τὸ idvov καὶ ὁ
1 Evidently both distinct from the νάρκισσος ἢ λείριον of 6. 6.9; 6.8 3. See Index.
2 καὶ τῶν... ὄρειον ins Sch. from Athen. l.c. with alteration of ὀρείων to ἀγρίων. cf. Plin. l.c.
8. 2,6. the flower of muscari, mentioned in this way because elsewhere (e.g. 7. 12. 1) the edible root is in question, which was properly called βολβός.
* cf. 9. 19. 3. 5 See Index.
59°
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vi. 1-3
flower. These, of all the flowers that the garland- makers use, far outrun the others. After these come pheasant’s eye! and polyanthus!? narcissus (and, among wild plants, the kind of anemone which is called the ‘mountain anemone’)? and the ‘ head ’ ὃ of purse- tassels; for this too some interweave in their gar- lands. After these come dropwort violet, and of wild plants, gold-flower,t the meadow kind of anemone corn-flag hyakinthos (squill), and pretty well all the mountain flowers that are used. The rose comes last of these, and is the first of the spring flowers to come to an end, as it is the first to appear, for its time of blooming is short. So too is that of the rest of the wild plants mentioned, except hyakinthos,5 the wild kind (squill), and also the culti- vated (larkspur) ; this lasts on, and so does the gilli- flower, and for a still longer time the wallflower, while the violet, as has been said,* blooms throughout the year, if it receives tendance. So too dropwort’ (for that too is one of the plants valued for their flowers, though it is herbaceous® in character) if one pinches off and removes the flower instead of letting it go to seed, and if, further,” it has a sunny position. The flower is clustering and white, like that of the wild... 1° These then are, we may say, the plants of spring.
11The following belong rather to summer: rose- campion carnation krinon ! (lily) spike-lavender and
6 6.6.2; ef. CP. 1. 13. 12. 7 of. 6. 6. 11. 8 ποῶδες : sense not obvious; εὐῶδες conj. Dalec. cf. C.P. 1. 13. 12. ® ἔτι conj. W.; ὅτι UMAId.
10 Ut labruscae G, perhaps a guess : see οἰνάνθη in Index.
11 Plin. 21, 67 and 68.
τὴ κρίνον Sch. from Athen. /.¢.; so also Plin, l.c.; κήρινθον ld.
51 Ε 2
THEOPHRASTUS
ἀμάρακος 0 Φρύγιος" ἔτι δὲ ὁ πόθος “καλούμενος οὗτος δ᾽ ἐστὶ διττός, ὁ ὁ μὲν ἔχων τὸ ἄνθος ὅμοιον τῇ ὑακίνθῳ, ὁ ὁ δὲ ἔ ἕτερος ἄχρους λευκός, ᾧ χρῶν- ται περὶ τοὺς “τάφους: καὶ χρονιώτερος οὗτος. ἀνθεῖ δὲ καὶ ἡ ἦρις τοῦ θέρους καὶ τὸ στρούθιον καλούμενον' τῇ μὲν ὄψει καλὸν τὸ ἄνθος ἄ ἄοσμον δέ. μετοπώρου δὲ τὸ λείριον τὸ ἕτερον καὶ ὁ κρόκος, ὅ τε ὀρεινὸς ἄοσμος καὶ ὁ ἥμερος" εὐθὺς γὰρ ἀνθοῦσι τοῖς πρώτοις ὕδασι. χρῶνται δὲ καὶ τῶν ἀγρίων τῷ τῆς ὀξυακάνθου καρπῷ καὶ τῷ ἄνθει τῷ τῆς μίλακος.
Καὶ ταῖς μὲν ὥραις οὕτως ἑκάστων ἡ γένεσις. ὡς δὲ ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν οὐδεὶς διαλείπεται χρόνος οὐδ᾽ ἔστιν ἀνανθής, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ χειμὼν ἔχει καί- περ ἄγονος δοκῶν εἶναι διὰ τὴν κατάψυξιν τῶν μετοπωρινῶν μεταλαμβανόντων, ἐὰν δὲ δὴ καὶ μαλακὸς ἢ, TOAND μᾶλλον. ἁπλῶς γὰρ πάντ᾽ ἢ τὰ πολλὰ καὶ ἐπεκτείνεται τῆς οἰκείας ὥρας, καὶ ἐὰν ὁ τόπος εὔειλος 7 μᾶλλον" δι᾿ ὃ καὶ «συνέχεια γίνεται. χρόνοι μὲν οὖν οὗτοι καὶ ὧραι κατὰ τὰς γενέσεις.
Βίος δὲ ἰωνίας μὲν τῆς λευκῆς ἔτη μάλιστα τρία: γηράσκουσα δὲ ἐλαττοῦται καὶ ἴα λευκό- τερα φέρει. ῥοδωνίας δὲ πέντε τὰ πρὸς τὴν ἀκμὴν μὴ ἐπικαομένης' χείρω δὲ καὶ ταύτης τὰ ῥόδα γηρασκούσης. πρὸς εὐοσμίαν δὲ καὶ ῥόδων καὶ ἴων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀνθῶν μέγιστον ὁ τόπος
a C.P. 1. 4.1. 2 cf. the Eng. plant-name ‘love-in-absence’; see πόθος in Index. 3 λευκὸς. ἔκλευκος, ‘whitish,’ Athen. l.c. 4 Evidently the νάρκισσος ἣ λείριον of 6. 6.9; cf. 6. 8. In,
52
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vin. 3-5
the Phrygian sweet marjoram! ; also the plant called ‘regret, ? of which there are two kinds, one with a flower like that of larkspur, the other not coloured but white,® which is used at funerals; and this one lasts longer. The iris also blooms in summer, and the plant called soap-wort, which has a beautiful flower but is scentless. In autumn bloom the other kind of narcissus,t the crocus, both the scentless mountain form and the cultivated one (saffron- crocus); for these bloom directly the first rains come. The fruit® of the cotoneaster and the flower of the smilax, both of them wild plants, are also used in garlands.
Such are the seasons at which each appears; and, to speak generally, there is no interval of time nor flowerless period, but even winter produces flowers, for all that it seems to be unproductive by reason of the cold, since the autumn flowers continue into winter, and to a much greater extent if the season be mild. For all things,6 one may say, or at least most of them, extend beyond their proper season, and all the more if the place be sunny ; so that there is a continuous succession. These then are the periods and seasons at which the various flowers are produced.
7 The life of the gilliflower is at most three years ; as it ages it degenerates and produces paler flowers.® A rose-bush lives five years, after which its prime? is past, unless it is pruned by burning !°; with this plant too the flowers become inferior as it ages. Position and a suitable climate contribute most to
5 καρπῷ : Plin. Jc. apparently read ἄνθει.
6 πάντ᾽ ἢ conj. St.; πάντη Ald.H. 7 Plin. 21. 69. 8 Ya conj. St.; ἀεὶ Ald. ® ἀκμὴν conj. Scal.; ἀκτὴν Ald. 10 cf. 6. 6. 6.
53
THEOPHRASTUS
4 'y e oA \ Ψ 9 a συμβάλλεται καὶ ὁ ἀὴρ πρὸς ἕκαστον οἰκεῖος" ἐν Αὐγύ ὰρ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα πάντ᾽ ἄοσμα καὶ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ γὰρ τὰ μὲν a ™ σμα Ka
3 ’ " \ ἄνθη καὶ ἀρώματα, ai δὲ μυρρίναι θαυμασταὶ a ? , a / a“ 3 a τῇ εὐοσμίᾳ. προτερεῖν δέ φασι τῶν ἐνταῦθα καὶ ς ἠδ \ om \ \ M ΝΜ θ \ ὃ , } ῥόδα Kal la Kat τὰ ἄλλα ἄνθη καὶ διμήνῳ, κα [4 “ a
διαμένειν πλείω τῶν Tap ἡμῖν ἢ οὐκ ἐλάττω
, A χρόνον ταῦτα.
A \ \ , ’ Δοκεῖ δὲ πολὺ πρὸς εὐοσμίαν διαφέρειν, ὥσπερ e A a ἤ ἐλέχθη, καὶ ὁ ἐνιαυτὸς τοῖος ἢ τοῖος γενόμενος, 3 / > ’ \ > a > A A A ov μόνον ἐπομβρίαις καὶ αὐχμοῖς ἀλλὰ Kal τῷ ‘ [4
κατὰ καιρὸν γίνεσθαι καὶ ὕδατα καὶ πνεύματα
\ oc “A a sdf 4 \ ? καὶ ἁπλῶς τὰς TOD ἀέρος μεταβολάς. τὰ δὲ ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσιν ὡς ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν καὶ ῥόδα καὶ ἴα καὶ τὰ ἄλλα «καλῶς μὲν ἀνθεῖν» τῇ δὲ ὀσμῇ πολλὰ χείρω γίνεσθαι. καὶ περὶ μὲν τῶν στεφανω- ματικῶν καὶ ἁπλῶς τῶν φρυγανικῶν σχεδὸν ἐν τούτοις καὶ τοῖς ὁμοίοις ἐστὶν ἡ ἱστορία.
1 ?’violets and gilliflowers ; so also below.
2 Plin. ἐ.6.; ef. CP. 6. 18. 3.
3 ἄνθη conj. St. from G ; ἀνανθὴ Ald. cf. C.P. 6. 19. 4. 4 Plin. 15. 37.
54
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VI. vu. 5-6
the fragrance of roses gilliflowers! and other flowers. Thus in Egypt,? while all other flowers? and sweet herbs are scentless, the myrtles‘ are marvellously fragrant. In that country it is said that the roses gilliflowers and other flowers are as much as two months ahead of those in our country, and also that they ® last a longer, or at least not a shorter, time than those of our country.
And, as has been said, the particular season ac- cording to its character, makes a great difference to the fragrance, not only by reason of rains and droughts, but also according as rain, wind, and in general, the changes of climate occur or do not occur at the fitting moment. Also it appears that in general roses gilliflowers and the rest bloom well on the mountains, but many of them have there an inferior scent.® Concerning coronary plants and under-shrubs in general these examples and others like them suffice for our enquiry.
5 ταῦτα conj. W.; τούτον Ald.
8 ἄνθη τῇ ὀσμῇ πολλῷ Ald.; ἄνθη τῇ δὲ ὀσμῇ πολλὰ UM, whence Sch. and W. conj. that some such words as καλῶς μέν have dropped out and ἀνθεῖν has been altered to ἄνθη. οἵ. C.P. θ. 20. 1.
39
BOOK VII
Η
[ U \ fa) 3 ’ \ “ I. “Ἑπόμενον δὲ τοῖς εἰρημένοις περὶ τῶν ποιω- δῶν εἰπεῖν: τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι λοιπὸν τῶν ἐξ ἀρχῆς , a ΄ , διαιρεθέντων γενῶν, ἐν ᾧ συμπεριλαμβάνονταί Ν. “ A πως TO λαχανηρὸν Kal TO σιτῶδες. Kal πρῶτον περὶ τοῦ λαχανώδους λεκτέον ἀρξαμένους ἀπὸ τῶν ἡμέρων, ἐπεὶ γνώριμα μᾶλλον τυγχάνει τῶν ἀγρίων. 3 a a Εἰσὶ δὴ τρεῖς ἄροτοι πάντων τῶν κηπευομένων, ἐν οἷς ἕκαστα σπείρουσι διαιροῦντες ταῖς ὥραις. \ 4 € / ¥ \ e ἤ εἷς μὲν οὖν ὁ χειμερινός, ἄλλος δὲ ὁ θερινός, , \ e \ , 9 e , \ τρίτος δὲ ὁ μεταξὺ τούτων μεθ᾽ ἡλίου τροπὰς χειμερινάς. καλοῦσι δ᾽ οὕτως οὐ πρὸς τὴν \ ’ 2 Ἁ \ Ν ’ \ σπορὰν βλέποντες ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὴν γένεσιν καὶ ᾿ ὔ A N τὴν χρείαν ἑκάστον' ἐπεὶ 7 ye σπορὰ σχεδὸν ἐν τοῖς ἐναντίοις γίνεται. τοῦ χειμερινοῦ μὲν γὰρ ἀρχὴ μετὰ τροπὰς θερινὰς τοῦ Μεταγειτ- a 4 νιῶνος μηνός, ἐν ᾧ σπείρουσι ῥάφανον padavida ’ , a γογγυλίδα καὶ τὰ καλούμενα ἐπίσπορα' ταῦτα δ᾽ ἐστὶ τεύτλιον θριδακίνη εὔζωμον λάπαθον a Ὁ A νᾶπυ κορίαννον ἄνηθον κάρδαμον: καλοῦσι δὲ
1 ef. CP, 8, 20. 7 and 8.
58
BOOK VII
Or HERBACEOUS PLANTS, OTHER THAN CORONARY PLANTS: Pot-HERBS AND SIMILAR WILD HERBS.
Of the times of sowing and of germination of pot-herbs.
I. Next we have to tell of herbaceous plants: for this class remains of those which we distinguished at the outset, and it includes to some extent the classes of pot-herbs and of cereals. And first we must speak of the class of pot-herbs, beginning with the cultivated kinds, since it happens that these are better known than the wild kinds.
1 There are three seed-times for all things grown in gardens, at which men sow the various herbs, _ distinguishing by the season. One is the ‘ winter’ seed-time, another the ‘summer,’ and the third is that which falls between these, coming after the winter solstice. These terms however are given in regard not to the sowing, but to the growth and use of each kind; for the actual sowing takes place, one might almost say, at the opposite seasons. Thus, the ‘winter’ period begins after the summer? solstice in the month Metageitnion,®? in which they sow cabbage radish turnip, and what are called ‘secondary crops,’ that is to say, beet: lettuce rocket monk’s rhubarb mustard coriander dill cress; and
2 θερινὰς co nj. Scal.; χειμερινὰς U(?)MP,Ald.G (ed. Bas. and
Par. but not Tarv.). 8 July. δὲ before se om. Sch.
59
THEOPHRASTUS
καὶ πρῶτον τοῦτον τῶν ἀρότων. τοῦ δὲ δευ- τέρου πάλιν μεθ᾽ “ἡλίου τροπὰς τοῦ ᾿αμηλιῶνος μηνός, ἐν ᾧ σπείρουσι καὶ πηγνύουσι πράσον σέλινον γῆθυον ἀδράφαξυν. τοῦ τρίτου δέ, ὃ ὃν καλοῦσι θερινόν, τοῦ Μουνυχιῶνος: ἐν τούτῳ δὲ σπείρεται σίκυος κολοκύντη βλίτον ὥκιμον ἀνδράχνη θύμβρον. ποιοῦνται δὲ πλείους ἀρό- τους τῶν ὁμοίων Kal’ ἑκάστην ὥραν, οἷον ῥαφα- vidos ἀ ὠκίμου τῶν ἄλλων. πᾶσι δὲ σπείρεται τοῖς ἀρότοις τὰ ἐπίσπορα.
Atagverar δ᾽ οὐκ ἐν ἴσοις πάντα χρόνοις, ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν θᾶττον τὰ δὲ βραδύτερον ὅσα. δυσφυῆ. τάχιστα μὲν οὖν ὥκιμον καὶ βλίτον καὶ εὔξω- μον καὶ τῶν χειμερινῶν padavis: τριταῖα γὰρ ὡς εἰπεῖν. θριδακίναι δὲ τεταρταῖαι ἢ πεμπτ- αἴαι. σίκυος δὲ καὶ κολοκύντη περὶ τὰς πέντε ἢ ἕξ, οἱ δέ φασιν ἑπτά' “πρότερον δὲ καὶ θῶττον ὁ σίκυος. ἀνδράχνη δ᾽ ἐν πλείοσι τούτων. ἄνη- θον δὲ τεταρταῖον. κάρδαμον. δὲ καὶ vary πεμπτ- aia. τεύτλιον δὲ θέρους μὲν ἑκταῖον χειμῶνος δὲ δεκαταῖον. ἀδράφαξυς δὲ ὀγδοαία. ῥάφανος δὲ δεκαταία. _ mpacov δὲ καὶ γήθυον οὐκ ἐν ἴσοις, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν ἐννεακαιδεκαταῖον ἐνιαχοῦ δὲ εἰκοσταῖον, γήθυον δὲ δεκαταῖον ἢ δωδεκα- ταῖον. κορίαννον δὲ δυσφυές' οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐθέλει βλαστάνειν τὸ νέον ἐὰν μὴ βρεχθῇ. θύμβρα δὲ καὶ ὀρίγανος ἐν πλείοσιν ἢ τριάκοντα. δυσ- φυέστατον δὲ πάντων τὸ σέλινον' τεσσαρακο- σταῖον γάρ φασιν οἱ τὰ συντομώτερα λέγοντες,
1 January. 7 April. 3 Plin, 19. 117. 4 τῶν χειμερινῶν : cf. 7. 1. 1.
60
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 1. 2-3
this is also called the ‘first’ period of cultivation. The second period begins after the winter solstice in the month Gamelion,! in which they scatter or plant the seed of leeks celery long onion orach. The third period, which is called the ‘summer’ period, begins in the month Munychion?: in this are sown cucumber gourd blite basil purslane savory. Moreover they make several sowings of the same herb at each season, as of radish basil and the others. And at all the periods are sown the ‘secondary crops.’
§Not all herbs germinate within the same time, but some are quicker, others slower, namely those which germinate with difficulty. The speediest are basil blite rocket, and of those sown for winter 3 use, radish ; for these germinate in about three days. Lettuce takes four or five, cucumber and gourd about five or six, or, as some say, seven ; however, cucumber is earlier and quicker than the others. Purslane takes a longer time, dill four days, cress and mustard five. Beet in summer takes six days, in winter ten, orach takes eight, and turnip ten. Leek® and long onion do not take the same time, but the former nineteen to twenty days, the latter ten to twelve. Coriander germinates with difficulty; indeed fresh seed will not come up at all unless it is moistened. Savory’ and marjoram take more than thirty days; but celery germinates with the greatest difficulty of all; for those who make the time com- paratively short say forty days, and others fifty, and
> πράσον conj. Bod.; πράσιον P,Ald. H. 5 βρεχθῇ conj. Bod. οἵ. C.P. 4.3. 1; ἐλιχθῇ Ald.; ἑλιχθῇ P Bas. ; ; 80 also G. 1 of. C.P. 4. 8.1; Plin. 19. 7.
61
THEOPHRASTUS
of δὲ πεντηκοσταῖον, καὶ τοῦτο κατὰ πάντας ’ cal TOUS apoTous’ ἐπισπείρουσι γάρ τινες ἐπὶ πᾶσιν. : / “Ὅλως δὲ ὅσα κατὰ πλείους ὥρας σπείρεται, ΄ OA a , A / ταῦτ᾽ οὐδὲν θᾶττον τέλεια γίνεται τοῦ θέρους. καὶ θαυμαστὸν εἰ καὶ μηθὲν ἡ ὥρα συμβάλλεται \ « 3 Ἁ ἃ a 4 A καὶ ὁ ἀὴρ πρὸς τὸ θᾶττον, ἐὰν δὲ μοχθηρὰ καὶ A A Ἁ - Ν ψυχρὰ καὶ τῷ ἀέρι περισκεπὴς βραδύτερον" ἐπεὶ A a 4 καὶ χειμώνων ἢ εὐδιῶν ἐπιγινομένων τοῖς ἀρότοις ’ e a ὁτὲ μὲν βραδύτερον ὁτὲ δὲ θᾶττον ἡ βλάστησις' a 1 / διαφέρει δὲ ταῦτα κατὰ τοὺς ἀρότους ἑκάστων" “-ωτ9ἢ a , A Tpwiaitarov yap ἐν τοῖς εὐείλοις καὶ εὐκρᾶσιν. € \ e A 3 a 3 / a \ > ἢ Os yap ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν ἐν πλείοσι δεῖ τὰς αἰτίας a a 7 a : ὑπολαβεῖν τῶν τοιούτων, ἔν τε τοῖς σπέρμασιν 3 a \ 2 A , \ a of Ν a. @& αὐτοῖς Kat ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ καὶ τῷ ἀέρι καὶ ταῖς ὥραις μή , Ν 3 A als ἕκαστα σπείρουσι καὶ χειμώνων Kal εὐδιῶν. ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν σκεπτέον, ἐφ᾽ ὧν τε παραλλάτ- \ τουσιν οἱ χρόνοι καὶ ἐφ᾽ ὧν ov καὶ yap τὴν ε / / / \ ’ἢ \ padavida φασί tives τριταίαν καὶ θέρους καὶ A \ [4 χειμῶνος, τὸ δὲ τεύτλιον, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, παραλ- ᾽ N C4 , ? 4 4 ΄“ρ λάττει κατὰ τὰς ὥρας. χρόνοι δ᾽ οὖν οὗτοι τῆς 4 ’ 3 βλαστήσεως εἰσι καὶ λέγονται καθ᾽ ἕκαστον. “ \ a Διαφέρει δὲ πρὸς τὸ θᾶττον καὶ βραδύτερον “A \ \ καὶ ἡ τῶν σπερμάτων παλαιότης. τὰ μὲν yap Ν a / ἀπὸ νέων παραγίνεται θᾶττον, οἷον mpacov γήθνον
1 ὥρας Vo.H.; χώρας UM ; 80 also G.
2 τέλεια conj. W. (comm.); ye πολλὰ MSS.; τὰ πολλὰ Vo.Sch. ὟΝ. (text); γίνεται conj. Sch. from G ; γίνεσθαι Ald.
3 καὶ τῇ ἀέρι... βραδύτερον : grammar doubtful and text perhaps defective: so given in UM; «al ὁ ἀὴρ περισκεπὴς
62
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 1. 3-6
that too, at whichever period it is sown, for some sow it as a ‘secondary crop ’ at all the periods.
Generally speaking, those herbs which are sown at more than one season! do not mature? faster in the summer. Howbeit it is strange if the season and the state of the atmosphere do not contribute at all to quicker growth, and if, when there is an un- favourable cold season and the atmosphere is cloudy, these conditions do not tend to make growth slower,’ seeing that, when stormy or fair weather follows the sowing, germination is slower or quicker accordingly. And there is another thing which makes a difference as to the raising of the various herbs; germination begins earlier in sunny places which have an even temperature.
As a matter of fact, to speak roundly, the causes of such differences must be found in several different circumstances, in the seeds themselves, in the ground, in the state of the atmosphere, and in the season at which each is sown, according as it is stormy or fair. However it is a point for consideration with which herbs the time of sowing makes a difference and with which it makes none; thus it is said that radish germinates on the third day whether it be sown in summer or in winter, while beet, as has been said, behaves differently according to the season. Anyway .such are and are said to be the seasons of germination in each case.
4 Another thing which makes a difference as to the rapidity with which the seeds germinate is their age ; for some herbs come up quicker from fresh seed, as
πρὸς τ᾿ βραδύτερον conj. Sch. (with μοχθ. «. ψυχρὰ supply ἢ ὥρα ἢ). 4 Plin. 19. 118, δὲ conj. Scal.; yap Ald.H.
63
THEOPHRASTUS
aixvos κολοκύντη" ἔνιοι δὲ καὶ προβρέχουσι τὸν σίκυον πρὸς τὸ θᾶττον ἢ ἐν γάλακτι ἡ ἐν ὕδατι. τὰ δ᾽ ἀπὸ παλαιῶν, οἷον σέλινον τεύτλιον κάρ- δαμον θύμβρα κορίαννον ὀρίγανον: εἴπερ μὴ «φυτεύεται;» αὐτὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ νέου, καθάπερ εἴπομεν. ἴδιον δέ φασιν ἐπὶ τοῦ τευτλίου συμβαίνειν' οὐ yap διαφύεσθαι πᾶν εὐθὺς ἀλλ᾽ ὕστερον πολλῷ, τὸ δὲ καὶ τῷ ἐχομένῳ ἔτει καὶ τῷ τρίτῳ, δι’ ὃ καὶ ἐκ πολλοῦ σπέρματος ὀλίγον βλαστάνειν.
Ἕκαστον δὲ τῶν σπερμάτων, ἐὰν ἁδρυνθέντα ἀποπέσῃ, διαμένει πρὸς τὴν ὥραν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ οὐ πρότερον ἐκβλαστάνει" “καὶ κατὰ λόγον ἐστί" καὶ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀγρίων ὁρῶμεν συμβαῖνον, ἐὰν μὴ φθαρῇ. αἱ δὲ τελειώσεις τῶν καρπῶν ἁπάν- τῶν γίνονται τοῦ θέρους, πρότερον δὲ καὶ θᾶττον ὡς ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν τῶν πρότερον σπαρέντων. δια- φέρει δὲ καὶ ἡ ὥρα" τὰ γὰρ ἐν ταῖς θερμημερίαις σπαρέντα θᾶττον ἐκκαυλεῖ καὶ ἐκσπερματοῦται, καθάπερ ῥαφανὶς γογγυλίς. ἔνια δὲ οὐκ ἐνιαύσια φέρει τὸν καρπὸν ἀλλὰ δίενα, καθάπερ σέλινον πράσον ynOvov, ἃ καὶ διαμένει χρόνον πλείονα καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐπέτεια' τὰ γὰρ πολλὰ τούτων ἅμα τῇ τελειώσει τῶν σπερμάτων avaiveTal.
Πάντα δὲ ὡς εἰπεῖν ὅσα ἐκκαυλεῖ καὶ τελειοῖ τὸν καρπὸν ἀποτελειοῦται κατὰ τὸ σχῆμα τοῦ παραβλαστήσεις ἐκ τῶν καυλῶν ἔχειν ἀκρε- μονικάς, πλὴν ὅσα μονόκαυλα, καθάπερ πράσον καὶ γήθνον καὶ κρόμυον καὶ σκόροδον.
Φίλυδρα δὲ καὶ φιλόκοπρα πάντα, μᾶλλον δὲ
1 φυτεύεται αὐτὰ conj. W.; οὐ τὸ UMAId. 2 Sc. soaking.
64
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 1. 6-8
leek long onion cucumber gourd; (some even soak the seed of cucumber first in milk or water, to make it germinate quicker). Some come up quicker from old seed, as celery beet cress savory coriander marjoram (unless indeed they are raised! from fresh seed in the manner? which we have mentioned). There is, they say, a singular feature about beet 5; the seed does not all germinate at once, but some of it not for some time, some even in the next or inthe third year; wherefore it is said that little comes up from much seed.
Any of the seeds, if they are ripe when they fall, last till their own proper season and do not sprout till then. And in this they are consistent; for we note that the same thing happens with the seed of wild plants, unless it is destroyed. However all mature their fruits in the summer, though sooner and quicker, generally speaking, when they are sown earlier. The season also‘ makes a difference ; things sown in the hot season push up their shoots and go to seed sooner, as radish and turnip. Some however bear their fruit not in the same year but in the next, as celery® leek long onion, which plants also last a longer time, and are not annual; for most herbs wither with the ripening of their seed.
Generally speaking, all those that push up shoots and mature their fruit reach their perfection of form in having side-shoots branching from the main stem —except those which have but a single stem, as leek long onion onion garlic.
All these herbs are lovers of water and of dung,
3 of. C.P. 4. 3.2; Plin. lc. 4 δὲ conj. W.; γὰρ Ald. H. δ᾽ Plin. lc. 65 VOL, II. F
THEOPHRASTUS
\ 3 f Ἁ ’ 2 , , τὰ ἀσθενέστερα καὶ πλείονος ἐπιμελείας δεόμενα, τὰ δὲ καὶ τροφῆς. II. Φύεται δὲ πάντα ἀπὸ τοῦ σπέρματος, ἔνια \ \ 3 \ 4 \ Ν λ «7 δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ παρασπάδος καὶ κλωνὸς καὶ ῥίζης. 3 \ \ {ὃ e €¢ / ὃ a 4 ὃν πὸ μὲν παρασπαδος ἡ ράφανος" δεῖ yap τι καὶ ῥιζῶδες προσλαβεῖν. ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν βλαστῶν πή- γανον ὀρίγανος ὥκιμον' ἀποφυτεύουσι γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο ὅταν σπιθαμιαῖον ἢ μεῖζον γένηται τεμόντες \ / εἰς TO ἥμισυ. ἀπὸ ῥίζης δὲ σκόροδον Kal κρόμυον \ \ \ »¥ \ ~ “A A καὶ βολβὸς καὶ ἄρον Kai ἁπλῶς TA τοιαῦτα τῶν ’ κεφαλορρίζων. φύεται δὲ καὶ εἴ τινων αἱ ῥίξαι διαμένουσιν ἐπὶ πλείονα χρόνον ἐπετειοκαύλων Ww Ψ \ 3 N ἤ ’ὔ 4 ὄντων. ὅτι δὲ ἀπὸ σπέρματος πάντα βλαστάνει \ e / φανερόν" καὶ yap τὸ πήγανον, ὅπερ οὔ φασί τινες, ἀλλὰ βραδέως, δι᾽ ὃ καὶ ἀποφυτεύουσιν. a \ > Ν @/ 4 4 ε \ e/ Oca δὲ ἀπὸ ῥίξης φύεται, τούτων ἡ μὲν pila ’ 3 Ἁ 9 4 ><A \ χρόνιος αὐτὰ δὲ ἐπετειόκαυλα, δι᾽ ὃ καὶ παραβλα- στάνουσιν αἱ ῥίζαι τῶν τοιούτων καὶ γίνονται “ a πλείους ov μόνον ἐν τοῖς ἡμέροις Kal κηπευο- μένοις ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἀγρίοις, ὥσπερ εἴπομεν, οἷον βολβοῖς γηθύοις σκίλλαις καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις. 3 a παραβλαστάνει δ᾽ ἔνια καὶ τῶν μὴ κεφαλορρίξων χρονιωτέρων δέ, οἷον σέλινον καὶ τεύτλιον" ἀφιᾶσι / yap pilas ad’ ὧν φύονται φύλλα καὶ καυλοί.
1 Plin. 19, 121. 2 of. C.P. 1. 4. 2.
3 δεῖ γάρ τι UP,; ἀεὶ γάρ τι Ald.H.G; Sch. suggests δὲ for γὰρ, missing the sense.
4 βλαστῶν corresponds to κλωνὸς above.
66
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 1. 8-ι. 2
and especially the weaket ones, which require more attention or in some cases more feeding.
Of the propagation of pot-herbs, and of differences in their roots,
11. 1 All these herbs are propagated from seed, and some also by a piece torn off, a shoot, or a piece of root. Cabbage is propagated by a piece torn off,? since it is essential? in this case to take a piece which has root attached to it. From cuttings‘ are grown rue marjoram basil; for slips of this too men plant when it has grown to the height of a span or more, cutting off half the plant.5 By root® are planted garlic onion purse-tassels cuckoo-pint and in general such bulbous plants. Such propagation is also possible in cases where the roots persist for more than a year, though the shoots last but for a year. And it is plain that all these herbs can be grown from seed; for even rue can (which some deny), though the process is slow, and so cuttings are also taken.
Of those which are propagated by a piece of root the root is long-lived, though the plant itself may be annual; wherefore the roots of such plants make offsets and so increase ; and this is true not only of plants cultivated in the garden, but also of wild plants, as we have said, for instance of purse-tassels long onion’ squill and so forth. Some plants even which are not bulbous ® but longer-lived make offsets, as celery and beet; for these send out roots from which grow leaves and stems. Long onion and
5 of. C.P. 1. 4. 3. 6 ae. offsets, 7 γηθύοις om. some editors, as not being wild. 8 2,6. and so annual. 67 F 2
THEOPHRASTUS
παραβλαστάνει δὲ καὶ γήθυον καὶ πράσον καὶ πα ραφύει κάτωθεν οἷον βολβώδη τινὰ κεφαλήν, ἐξ ἧς ἡ βλάστησις γίνεται τῶν “φύλλων, αὐαν- θέντος δὲ τοῦ καυλοῦ καὶ τοῦ σπέρματος ἀφαιρε- θέντος" ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ μὴ χρησίμας εἶναι τὰς τούτων κεφαλᾶς οὐ συλλέγουσιν εἰς ξηρασίαν, δι᾽ ὃ καὶ οὐ φυτεύουσι. τάχα δὲ ταῦτα καὶ ὁμογενῆ καὶ σύνεγγύς πως τῇ τοῦ κρομύου φύσει, δι ὃ καὶ οὐ θαυμαστόν. ἀλλ᾽ ὁμοίως [καὶ] ἐπὶ πάντων καὶ ἡμέρων καὶ ἀγρίων, ὅσα χρονιώτερα μέν ἐστιν ἐπετειόκαυλα δέ, τούτων καὶ αἱ ῥίξαι ἐπι- βλαστάνουσιν, ὥσπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν φρυγανικῶν καὶ τῶν θαμνωδῶν" ἀλλ᾽ ἐπὶ τῶν κρομύων καὶ σκορόδων καὶ βολβῶν καὶ ὥσπερ ἀριθμός τις γίνεται τούτων. ἡ δὴ γένεσις, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, τριχῶς ἐστιν, ἀπὸ σπέρματος μὲν πάντων, ἀπὸ δὲ καυλοῦ καὶ ῥίζης τῶν εἰρημένων.
Τῶν δὲ καυλῶν κολουσθέντων πάντα μὲν ὡς εἰπεῖν βλαστάνει πλὴν τῶν ἀποκαύλων, ἐμφανέ- στατα & ὥσπερ καὶ εἰς χρείαν ὦκιμον θρῖδαξ ῥάφανος. καὶ τῆς μὲν θρίδακος ἡδίους φασὶ τοὺς παλιμβλαστεῖς εἶναι καυλούς" τὸν γὰρ πρῶτον ὀπώδη καὶ πικρὸν εἶναι ὡς ἄπεπτον' οἱ δὲ τὸ ἐναντίον ὁπωδεστέρους τούτους GAN ἕως ἂν ὦσιν ἁπαλοὶ φαίνεσθαι γλυκυτέρους. ἀλλ᾽ ἐπὶ τῆς
1 πράσον conj. St.; πράσιον Ald. H.
2 διὰ τὸ μὴ conj. W.; μὴ διὰ τὸ UM(?)Ald.
3 276. offset bulbs.
2 W. omits μὲν (Ald.UM(?)) after σνλλέγουσι.
5 7.e. the plant is increased by seed only and not by offsets. ef. 7. 4. 10; Plin. 19. 103.
6 ὁμοίως conj. Sch.; ὅμως PAld.H,(UM ἢ). ;
Ἴ ἐπετειόκαυλα conj. Sch.; ἐπιγειότερα PAld.H.
68
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 11. 2-4
leek ! also make offsets, sending out a ‘head’ below, like the bulb of purse-tassels, from which the leaves spring; but this only takes place when the stem has withered and the seed has been removed. But, as ? the ‘ heads ’ * of such plants are not useful, they do not collect them‘ for storing dry; wherefore also they do not plant 656. It may be that somehow these are akin and closely allied to onion, wherefore what has been said is not surprising. However in all those plants, both wild and cultivated alike,® which have an annual stem,’ but yet live longer than a year, there is an outgrowth of the roots, just as there is in under-shrubs and shrubby plants: while in onions garlic and purse-tassels even a number,’ as it were, of such roots is formed. In fact,® they are reproduced in three ways, as has been said ; from seed in all cases and from the stem?® and root in those specified.
11 Almost all shoot again if the stem is broken (except those which are stemless), but most obviously basil lettuce cabbage, which are, as it were, broken for a practical reason. Indeed they say that the stems of lettuce which thus grow again are sweeter,!® for that the original stem has a taste like fig-juice and is bitter, as being not properly ripened. Some however say that the later stems have the taste of fig-juice more than the original one, but that, so long as they are tender, they appear sweeter. Be that as
8 ἀριθμὸς is clearly corrupt, and has displaced an unusual word for which ὥσπερ apologises.
9 δὴ conj. Sch.; δὲ Ald. ;
10 καυλοῦ is here that part of the plant which is above ground. 1 Plin. 19. 122.
12 ἡδίους Vo.mBas.H., so too G, Plin. /.c., Athen. 2. 69; ἰδίους UAld. ef. C.P. 2. 15. 6.
69
THEOPHRASTUS
padavou τοῦτο ὁμολογούμενον, ὡς εἰ πάλιν βλα- στήσειεν ἡδίων ἀφαιρεθέντων γε τῶν φύλλων πρὸ τοῦ διακαυλίσαι.
Διαμένουσι δὲ αἱ pilar πλειόνων, ἀλλ᾽ αἱ μὲν βλαστάνουσι πάλιν αἱ δὲ οὔ. ῥαφανὶς γοῦν καὶ γογγυλὶς διαμένουσι γῆς ἐπιβληθείσης ἄχρι θέρους καὶ αὔξησιν λαμβάνουσιν, ὅπερ ποιοῦσί τινες ἐξεπίτηδες τῶν κηπουρῶν' οὐ βλαστάνουσι δὲ οὐδ᾽ ἀφιᾶσι φύλλον οὐδ᾽ εἴ τις ἀφέλοι τὴν ἐπισεσαγμένην γῆν. ἰδεῖν δὲ τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἐστί. πὰ δὲ πλεῖστα τῶν λαχάνων μονόρ- pila τῇ παχείᾳ κατὰ βάθους ῥίζῃ" καὶ γὰρ ὅσα παραφύει τὰς ἰσοπαχεῖς ταύτας, ὥσπερ σέλενον καὶ τεύτλιον, ἀπὸ τῆς “μέσης πως ἡ παράφυσίς ἐστι καὶ οὐκ εὐθὺς ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἡ σχίσις" ἐκ δὲ ταύτης τῆς μιᾶς ἀπήρτηνται αἱ ἀποφυάδες αἱ μικραὶ καὶ τῆς ῥαφανίδος καὶ τῆς “γογγυλίδος. καὶ αὗται μὲν δὴ πᾶσι φανεραὶ διὰ τὴν χρείαν.
Ἢ δὲ τοῦ τευτλίου “μία μὲν μακρὰ καὶ παχεῖα καὶ ὀρθή, καθάπερ ἡ ἡ τῶν ῥαφανίδων, ἀποφύσεις δὲ ἔχει παχείας ὁτὲ μὲν δύο ὁ ὁτὲ δὲ καὶ τρεῖς ὁτὲ δὲ καὶ μίαν, τὰς δὲ μικρὰς ἐκ τούτων. σαρκώδης δὲ ἡ ῥίξα καὶ τῇ γεύσει γλυκεῖα καὶ ἡδεῖα, δι’ ὃ καὶ ὠμὴν ἐσθίουσί τινες: ὁ δὲ φλοιὸς οὐ παχὺς οὐδὲ ἀφαιρετός, ὥσπερ ὁ τῶν ῥαφανίδων, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον οἷος ὁ τῶν ἱπποσελίνων. ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ ἡ τῆς ἀδραφάξυος μία μὲν εἰς βάθος ἐκ ταύτης δὲ ἄλλαι.
1 βλαστήσειεν conj. Sch.; βλαστήσει Ald. 2 οὐδ᾽ ef τις Ald. H.; εἰ μή τις conj. Scal. supported by G. 3 ae... μικραὶ con). W.; εἰς δὲ ταύτην τὴν play ἡ ἀπ᾽ αὐτῆς
0
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 11. 4-6
it may, it is admitted that in the case of cabbage the stem is sweeter if it should have grown! again after being broken, provided that the leaves are stripped off before the plant runs to stalk.
In most cases the roots persist, but they do not in all cases produce fresh growth. Thus radish and turnip persist till summer, if earth is thrown on them, and they increase in size; and some gardeners do this deliberately ; but they do not make fresh growth nor send out leaves, even if one ? removes the earth heaped over them. And this may also be observed in other plants. However, most pot-herbs have the single stout root which runs deep ; for even in those which produce these side-roots of equal stoutness, as celery and beet, the side-growth comes, as it were, from the middle root and jt is not separate to start with; but to this single root are attached the small out-growths,® both in radish and in turnip. These instances are familiar to all because of the use * which is made of these plants.
The beet has a single long stout straight root like that of the radish, and has stout out-growths, some- times two, sometimes three, sometimes only one, and the small ones are attached to these. The root is fleshy and sweet and pleasant to the taste, wherefore some even eat it raw. The ‘bark’ is not thick and cannot be detached, like that of the radish, but rather resembles that of alexanders. In like manner the root of orach is single and runs deep, and other roots are attached to it.
τε καὶ τῆς ἀποφυάδος καὶ μικρὰ Ald.H.; so also M, omitting re. W.’s restoration of a very corrupt text is at least consistent with what follows in § 6.
4 2,6. for food.
71
7
THEOPHRASTUS
Movoppiloratov δὲ τούτων πάντων τὸ λά- παθον: οὐ γὰρ ἔχει παχείας ἀποφύσεις ἀλλὰ \ 4 ’ \ , Μ Ἁ τὰς λεπτάς" βαθυρριζότατον δὲ πάντων, ἔχει γὰρ μείζω τριῶν ἡμιποδίων" τὸ δ᾽ ἄγριον βραχυτέραν, πολύκαυλον δὲ καὶ πολύκλαδον καὶ ἡ ὅλη μορφὴ τελειωθεῖσα παραπλησία τῇ τοῦ τευτλίουν" πολὺυ- χρονιώτερον δὲ καὶ τοῦ ἀγρίου καὶ ὅλως δὲ πάντων τῶν λαχάνων ὡς εἰπεῖν" διαμένει γὰρ ὁποσονοῦν χρόνον ὥς φασιν. ἔχει δὲ σαρκώδη N e7 \ Ν 9 A \ 9 a fe τὴν pilav καὶ ἔνικμον, δι’ ὃ καὶ ἐξαιρεθεῖσα ζῇ
πολὺν χρόνον.
Τὸ δ᾽ ὥκιμον μίαν μὲν τὴν παχεῖαν τὴν κατὰ βάθους τὰς δ᾽ ἄλλας τὰς ἐκ πλαγίου λεπτὰς ἐπιεικῶς εὐμήκεις.
» 9 3 Μ \ / . Ἁ > la ν᾽
Evia δ᾽ οὐκ ἔχει τὴν μίαν τὴν ὀρθήν, οἷον τὸ βλίτον, ἀλλ᾽ εὐθὺ πολλὰς ἐξ ἄκρου καὶ εὐπαχεῖς καὶ μακροτέρας τῆς ἀδραφάξυος.
Τῶν δὲ ῥιζῶν ξυλωδέσταται πασῶν αἱ τοῦ > Sf ᾽ὔ ν ¢ , e \ a , ὠκίμου, καθάπερ Kat ὁ καυλὸς. ἡ yap τοῦ βλίτου καὶ τῆς ἀδραφάξυος καὶ τῶν τοιούτων ἧττον ξυλώδης. εἰσὶ γὰρ ὡς ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν πασῶν αἱ
Ἁ ’ e Ἁ A , e μὲν σαρκώδεις ai δὲ ξυλώδεις. <capx@ders>, οἷον ἡ τοῦ τευτλίου καὶ τοῦ σελίνου καὶ ἱπποσελίνου καὶ λαπάθου καὶ ῥαφανίδος καὶ γογγυλίδος καὶ πάν- των μάλιστα τῶν κεφαλοβαρῶν' οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀναξη-
’ ’᾽ , >) δέ ραινόμεναι σκληρύνονται τελείως. ξυλωδεις δέ,
1 cf. 1. 6. 6.
2 ras Ald., of. τὰς δὲ μικρὰς ὃ 6 ; τινας con). W. cf. Plin. 19.
98 (who mistranslates). 3 of. 7.6.1; CP. 3. 1. 4. 4 See Index.
72
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 1. 7-8
Monk’s rhubarb ! however has a single root in a truer sense than any of the others, for it has no stout out-growths of root, but only the? slender ones; its root also runs deeper than that of the others, being more than a foot and a half long. The wild sort? however has a shorter root, and has several stems and branches, and its shape, as a whole, when fully grown resembles that of beet. Cultivated monk’s rhubarb moreover is longer lived than the wild form,‘ and, in general, we may say, than any other pot-herb, for, they say, it may live any time. It has a fleshy root,® full of moisture, wherefore, if pulled up, it will live some time.
Basil has the single stout root, the one which runs deep, and the others at the sides are slender and fairly long.
Some herbs, as blite, have not the single straight root, but a number of roots which start directly from the top and are of a good stoutness® and longer than those of orach.
The roots of basi] are woodier than those of any of the other herbs, as also is its stem; for those of blite orach and the like are less woody. In general we may say that the roots of any’ of these herbs are either woody or fleshy. Examples of fleshy § roots are beet celery alexanders monk’s rhubarb radish turnip, and especially all ‘heavy-headed’® kinds, for the roots of these do not wither up altogether even when they are dried. Examples of those with woody roots
δ ῥίζαν conj. Sch.; σάρκα Ald.
6 Plin. /.c. seems to have read a different word from εὐπαχεῖς, or to have misunderstood it.
7 πασῶν conj. W.; παρ᾽ ὧν UMP; also Ald.H., omitting ai.
8 σαρκώδεις add. Scal. from G. 9. 2,6. bulbous ; cf. 1. 6. 8.
73
©
THEOPHRASTUS
n ’ / ὥσπερ ai τοῦ ὠκίμου καὶ βλίτου Kal ἀδραφάξυος A 9 , \ > 4 \ , Ν καὶ εὐζώμου καὶ ἀνήθον [καὶ λαπάθου)] καὶ κοριάννου καὶ ἁπλῶς τῶν νευροκαύλων" ἔχει γὰρ , δὴ καὶ τὸ ἄνηθον καὶ τὸ Kopiavvoy ὄντα povoppila , \ e7 \ > Ἁ IQA Ἁ ξυλώδη τε τὴν ῥίζαν καὶ οὐ μακρὰν οὐδὲ τὰς λεπτὰς ἀποφυάδας ἔχουσαν πολλάς" πολύκαυλα \ »M \ ’ > A \ 3 \ ’ δὲ ἄμφω καὶ πολύοξα, δι᾿ ὃ καὶ οὐ κατὰ λόγον οὐδενὶ τούτων τὸ ἄνω πρὸς τὸ κάτω. Βραχύρριζα δὲ ταῦτά ἐστιν, οἷον θρῖδαξ ἀν- a a a \ δράχνη, τῇ ὀρθῇ καὶ ταῖς εἰς τὰ πλάγια. ἡ δὲ a \ ’ Opidak, ὥσπερ οὐκ ἔχει τὰς τοιαύτας ἀποφύσεις ἀλλὰ μόνον τὰς λεπτάς, καὶ μάλιστα δὴ μονόρ- e 3 a e a \ / \ \ ριζον ὡς εἰπεῖν. ἁπλῶς δὴ πάντα ta θερινὰ , βραχύρριζα" καὶ yap ὁ σίκυος Kal ἡ κολοκύντη \ e¢ 4 \ \ \ “Ψ \» Ν a καὶ ἡ σικύα καὶ διὰ τὴν ὥραν Kal ἴσως ἔτι μᾶλλον διὰ τὴν φύσιν, ἥπερ συνηκολούθηκε τῇ ὥρᾳ. ἡ δὲ , A ᾿ μεταφυτευομένη OpidaE βραχυτέραν ἔχει τὴν A ’ A pilav τῆς σπαρείσης" παραβλαστάνει yap ἐκ τῶν πλαγίων μᾶλλον: βραχυτέραν δὲ καὶ ἡ ἀγρία τῆς ἡμέρου, καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἄνωθεν πολυκαυλοτερα. > a A III. ᾿Ανθεῖ δὲ τῶν μὲν ἄλλων ἕκαστον ἀθρόον, BS A 9 τὸ δὲ ὥκιμον κατὰ μέρος, TA κάτω πρῶτον εἶτ Ὁ A 3 / v > A \ ὅταν ταῦτα ἀπανθήσῃ τὰ ἄνω, δι’ ὃ Kal πολυ-
1 After ἀνήθου Ald.H. have καὶ λαπάθου : bracketed by W. after Sch.
2 ἀποφυάδας conj. Scal.; ἀποφυλλάδας Ald.
3 χαῦτα conj. Sch.; τὰ τοιαῦτα UM ; τοιαῦτα Ald.
4 Athen. 2. 79. Sch. suggests that the name of a plant has dropped out after ὥσπερ : ? ἡ ἀνδράχνη.
74
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 1. 8-ι|π. 1
are basil blite orach rocket dill! coriander, and in general, those with fibrous stems; for in dill and coriander, which have a single root, the root is woody and not long, and the slender side-roots? from it are not numerous; but both plants have several stems and branches; wherefore in neither of these plants does the part above ground correspond to the part which is below.
The following 5 have short roots: lettuce and purs- lane, in which both the straight main root and the side ones are short. ‘4 Lettuce may be said to have no such side-roots, but only the slender ones, and may be called in the strictest sense a plant of a single root. In general all summer herbs have short roots: we may include cucumber gourd and _ bottle- gourd, both because of the season to which they belong and perhaps still more because of their character, which corresponds to the season. How- ever the transplanted lettuce has a shorter root than one that is raised from seed, since it is more apt to send out side-growths; also the wild kind has a shorter root than the cultivated, and the part above ground has more stems.®
Of the flowers and fruits of pot-herbs.
III. 7All, except one, of these herbs produce all their bloom at once, but basil has a succession of flowers, the lower part of the plant flowering first, and then, when that bloom is over, the upper part. Wherefore its season of bloom is a long one, like that of the
5 βραχυτέραν conj. Sch.; Bpaxurépa Ald. 6 ἄνωθεν πολυκαυλοτέρα conj Sch. from G ; ἄνω" τὰ δὲ πολυκ.
Ald. ef. Diosc. 2. 136, 7 Plin. 19. 100. 75
THEOPHRASTUS
χρόνιον ἐν τῷ ἀνθεῖν, καθάπερ κύαμος καὶ τῆς πόας τὸ ἡλιοτρόπιον καλούμενον καὶ ἄλλα δὲ τῶν ἀγρίων. ἀνθεῖ δὲ καὶ ὁ σίκυος πολὺν χρόνον" καὶ “γὰρ ἐπιβλαστάνειν τούτῳ γε συμβαίνει. τὰ δὲ ἄνθη τῶν μὲν ἔκλευκα τῶν δὲ μηλινοειδῆ τῶν δὲ μικρὸν ἐπιπορφυρίξοντα, εὔχρουν δ᾽ οὐθέν.
Ta δὲ σπέρματα διαφέρει καὶ τοῖς σχήμασι' τὰ μὲν γὰρ πλεῖστα στρογγύλα τὰ δὲ προμήκη τὰ δ᾽ αὖ πλατέα καὶ φυλλώδη, καθάπερ τὰ τῆς ἀδραφάξυος" ὅμοιον γὰρ τῷ τοῦ σιλφίου' τὰ δὲ στενὰ καὶ γραμμώδη, καθάπερ τοῦ κυμίνου. καὶ τοῖς χρώμασιν ὁμοίως, τὰ μὲν μέλανα τὰ δὲ ξυχώξι τὰ δὲ λευκότερα. πάντα δὴ ἐλλοβο- σπέρματα ἢ γυμνοσπέρματα ἢ ἐμφλοιοσπέρματα ἢ παπποσπέρματα' ῥαφανὶς μὲν γὰρ καὶ νᾶπυ καὶ γογγυλὶς ἐλλοβοσπέρματα, Koplavvov δὲ καὶ μάραθον καὶ ἄνηθον καὶ κύμινον γυμνοσπέρματα, βλίτον δὲ καὶ τεύτλιον καὶ ἀδράφαξυς καὶ ὥκιμον ἐμφλοιοσπέρματα, θριδακίνη δὲ παππο- σπέρματον.
Πάντα δὲ πολύκαρπα καὶ πολυβλαστῆ, πολυ- καρπότατον δὲ τὸ κύμινον. ἴδιον δὲ καὶ ὃ λέγουσι κατὰ τούτου" φασὶ γὰρ δεῖν καταρᾶσθαί τε καὶ βλασφημεῖν σπείροντας, εἰ μέλλει καλὸν ἔσεσθαι καὶ πολύ.
Δυσξήραντα δὲ πάντα μὲν ὡς εἰπεῖν πλὴν τοῦ κυμίνου, οὐχ ὡς ὁ σῆῶτος: οὗτος γὰρ κἂν ἅπαξ
1 For the collective sense οὗ πόα (Ξ-Ξ- τὰ ποώδη) cf 1. 8. 1. 2 πολὺν χρόνον conj. W., which at least gives the required sense ; καλούμενος Ald. 3 μηλινοειδὲς : cf. 6. 2. 8. ? ‘orange.’ 5 Plin. 19. 119.
76
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. πὶ. 1-3
bean, and among herbaceous plants! that of the plant called helotropion, and also other wild plants. Cucumber also has a long period 3 of bloom, for this plant has a second growth. The flowers are in some cases whitish, in others quince-yellow,? in others somewhat reddish*; but the flower is never of a bright colour.
5The seeds too differ in shape; most are round, but some are oblong ; some again are broad and leaf- like, as those of orach, for the seed of this is like that of silphium; others again are narrow or marked in lines,® as those of cummin. They also vary in colour, some being black, some the colour of wood,’ some paler. The seeds of all are either in pods or naked, or have an integument or have a pappus. Radish mustard and turnip have their seeds in pods; coriander fennel dill and cummin have naked seeds; those of blite beet orach and basil are enclosed in an integument; those of lettuce have a pappus on them.
All have numerous fruits and numerous shoots, but cummin has the most 8 fruits of all. ®And there is another peculiarity told of this plant: they say that one must curse and abuse it, while sowing, if the crop is to be fair and abundant.
Nearly all of these, except cummin, are hard to dry for keeping,—unlike corn 10; for this, when once
8 γραμμώδη: cf 4.12. 2.3; canaliculata Plin. l.c. 7 ?*brown’cf.7 9.3 * of. 8.3.53 0 P. 4. 15. 2. 9 cf 9. 8. 8; Plin. /.c. applies this to ὥκιμον, Pall. 4. 9. 5 to πήγανον. 10 σῖτος" οὗτος γὰρ I conj.; σῖτος γάρ UMH.; P omits γὰρ; σῖτος ὃς W. after Sch.; nec modo frumenti "consistunt,
q 77
THEOPHRASTUS
ἁδρυνθῇ ταχὺ ξηραίνεται καὶ ἀποπίπτει" bua ξηραντότερα δὲ τὰ ἐμφλοιοσπέρματα καὶ τούτων «μάλιστα τὸ ὦκιμον. ἅπαντα δὲ ξηρανθέντα πολυκαρπότερα γίνεται, δι’ ὃ» καὶ προαφαι- ροῦντες αὐτὰ ξηραίνουσιν. ἅπαντα δὲ πολύχοα καὶ πολυσπέρματα, πολυκαρπότατον δὲ τὸ ὦκιμον.
Ἔστι δὲ τὰ μὲν ἀκρόκαρπα, καθάπερ ὦκιμον πράσον κρόμνυον' τὰ δὲ πλαγιόκαρπα μᾶλλον, οἷον ῥαφανὶς γογγυλὶς καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα' τὰ δ᾽ ἀμφοτέρως, οἷον βλίτον ἀδράφαξυς" ἀμφότερα γὰρ ταῦτα καὶ ἐκ τοῦ πλαγίον, καὶ τό γε βλίτον εὐθὺς παρ᾽ ἕκαστον ὄζον προσκαθήμενον ἔχει τὸ σπέρμα βοτρυῶδες. τὰ δ᾽ ἐκ παλαιοτέρων σπερ- μάτων θᾶττον ἐκκαυλεῖ, τάχιστα δὲ τὰ ἐκ τῶν ἀκμαζόντων" ἔστι γάρ τις ἀκμὴ καὶ τούτων. ἀνὰ λόγον δὲ καὶ τὸ κάλλος ἀκολουθεῖ τῶν... ἐὰν τὰ ἄλλα τὴν αὐτὴν ἔχωσι θεραπείαν.
Δοκεῖ δὲ καὶ εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ ἀθρόα θεμένων καλλίω γίνεσθαι καὶ βλαστάνειν' οὕτω γὰρ τὸ τοῦ πράσου καὶ τὸ τοῦ σελίνου τιθέασιν ἀποδήσαντες εἰς ὀθόνιον καὶ γίνονται μεγάλα.
Συμβάλλεται δέ τι καὶ ὁ τόπος πρὸς αὔξησιν' κελεύουσι γοῦν, ὅταν τις μεταφυτεύῃ τὰ σέλινα, πάτταλον κατακρούειν ἡλίκον ἂν βούληται ποιεῖν τὸ σέλινον' τιθέναι δὲ καὶ ἐν ὀθονίῳ πάτταλον κατακρούσαντα καὶ πλήσαντα κόπρου καὶ γῆς.
1 μάλιστα. .. δι᾽ ὃ missing in UMAId. Bas.; text as restored by Sch. from Cam., G and Plin. l.c. 2 τό ye βλίτον conj. W.; τό ye πλεῖστον U; τό τε πλεῖστον Ald.H. 3 ἀκκαυλεῖ : of. 7.1.7; 7. 4. 3, and esp. C.P. 4. 3. 5. 4 After ἀκολουθεῖ τῶν follows ἃ lacuna of one and a half lines
78
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 11. 3-5
it is ripened, quickly dries and is shed, and the herbs whose seed have an integument are harder still to dry, especially basil. All however, when dried, produce more fruit : wherefore! it is the custom to gather the seed early and dry it. All of them are prolific and produce many seeds, but basil produces most of all.
Examples of those which produce their fruit at the top of the stem are basil leek onion: of those which produce it rather at the sides, radish turnip and the like; of those which produce it in both ways, blite and orach ; both of these produce it at the side as well as at the top; in fact blite? has its seed in clusters, closely attached to each branch. Some push up their shoots? fairly soon from old seed, but seed from plants in their prime is the most rapid ; for these plants too have a time when they are at their best. The beauty of the plant also corresponds‘ in proportion, provided that equal care in° other respects is shewn in cultivation.
610 likewise appears that, if a quantity of seed is sown in the same place, the resulting crop comes up and germinates better; thus they tie up seed of leek and celery in a piece of. cloth’ before sowing, and then there is a large ® crop.
The position also contributes to growth ; at least, when celery is transplanted, they suggest that one should hammer® in a peg of whatever size one wishes to make the celery ; and also that one should sow the seed in a piece of cloth 10 after hammering in a peg and filling the hole with dung and soil. in UMAId.; text as given by Cam., which however omits
τῶν ; τῶν σπειρομένων H.; τῶν τοιούτων Vo. Vin.
5 ε΄. Ἴ. 4. 7. 6 Plin. 19. 120. 7 of. C.P. 5. 6. 9. 8 μεγάλα conj. St.; μεγάλαι Ald. H. ® Made clearer C.P. 5. 6. 7. 0 of. C.P. 5. 6. 9.
79
THEOPHRASTUS
Ἔνια δὲ καὶ τοῖς σχήμασιν ἐξομοιοῦται καὶ A 4 τοῖς τόποις" ἡ γὰρ σικύα ὁμοιοσχήμων γίνεται ἐν ea »Ἅ 5 ’ ᾧ ἂν τεθῇ ἀγγείφ. “- ; Καὶ διαφορὰν λαμβάνει κατὰ τοὺς χυμοὺς ἔνια προθεραπευθέντα τῶν σπερμάτων, οἷον τὸ τοῦ σικύον ἐὰν ἐν γάλακτι βρέξαντες σπεί- ρωσιν. ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν τοιαῦτα ἴσως οἰκειότερα τῆς θεραπείας. IV. Γένη δὲ τῶν μέν ἐστι πλείω τῶν δ᾽ οὐκ / ἔστιν, οἷον ὠκίμου λαπάθουν βλίτου Kapddpov εὐξζώμου ἀδραφάξυος κοριάννου ἀνήθου πηγάνου" 4 \ + 4 “ ὃ / τούτων yap οὔ φασιν εἶναι «γένους διαφοράν.» A \ Mw € ἴω « 4 ’ὔ’ ’ὔ τῶν δὲ ἔστι, ῥαφανῖδος ῥαφάνον τευτλίου σικύου κολοκύντης κυμίνου σκορόδου θριδακίνης. διαι- a \ aA ’ \ a ef \ A ροῦσι δὲ τοῖς τε φύλλοις Kal ταῖς ῥίζαις καὶ τοῖς χρώμασι καὶ τοῖς χυλοῖς καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις τοῖς τοιούτοις. A a / Oiov τῆς ῥαφανῖδος «γένη Κορινθίαν Krewvaiav / 2 Ἄν. , 2 , δὲ Λειοθασίαν; ἀμωρέαν Βοιωτίαν: εὐαυξεστάτην δὲ \ / ἃ \ \ es Ν / τὴν Κορινθίαν, ἣ καὶ τὴν ῥίζαν ἔχει γυμνήν' 3 a“ A 3 \ Ν \ 3 e ©” , ὠθεῖται yap εἰς TO ἄνω καὶ οὐχ ὡς αἱ ἄλλαι κάτω. \ δὲ / ἃ ” A / τὴν δὲ Λειοθασίαν, ἣν ἔνιοι καλοῦσι Θρᾳκίαν,
1 καὶ τοῖς τόποις Ald.; κατὰ τοὺς τόπους conj W. ef. C.P. ὅ. 6. 7.
2 ἀγγείῳ... λαμβάνει om. UMPAIA.; διαφορὰν δὲ καὶ Cam.; τόπφ' διαφέρειν δὲ καὶ H.; ἀγγείῳ conj. W. from C.P. 5. 6. 7; καὶ διαφορὰν conj. Sch. ef. Geop. 12. 19. 6.
8 of. 7. 1.6; Geop. 12. 20. 3.
‘After εἶναι there is a lacuna in UMAId.; Cam. supplies γένους διαφοράν" τῶν δὲ ἀνάπαλιν πλείω γένη ; H. has πλείω γένη
8ο
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. πὶ. 5-1v.
Some things again come to resemble in their shape even the position! in which they grow: thus the bottle-gourd becomes like in shape to the vessel? in which it has been placed.
Moreover differences in taste are acquired in some cases when the seed has been treated specially beforehand ; for instance, the seed of the cucumber produces a fruit with different taste if it is soaked ὃ in milk before sowing. But such matters belong perhaps more properly to the subject of cultivation.
Of the various forms of some pot-herbs.
ΙΝ. Of some herbs there are several kinds, but of others only one, as basil monk’s rhubarb blite cress rocket orach coriander dill rue; of each of these they say that there is* but one kind. But of others there is more than one, as radish cabbage beet cucumber gourd cummin garlic lettuce. Differences are marked in the leaves, the root, the colour, the taste, and so forth.
Thus of radish they recognise these various kinds 5 —the Corinthian, that of Cleonae, the Leiothasian, amorea, the Boeotian. The Corinthian is said to be the strongest in growth, and it has an exposed root; for it pushes upwards, and not downwards like the others. The Leiothasian δ is called by some the
οὐδὲ γένους διαφοράν" τῶν δὲ ἀνάπαλιν πλείω γένη ; Plin. 19. 123 rather supports H. ?read as in H.: τῶν δὲ ἐστι is perhaps an attempt to fill the lacuna.
δ cf. Plin. 19. 75 and 76, who gives a kind called viride in lace of T.’s ἀμωρέα : see below. After padavidos there is a acuna in UMAlId. (but U has τὴν δὲ μόραν Βοιωτίαν). Text
restored from Athen. 2. 48 (cf. Plin. J.c.). Cam.H. Bas. (also Vo. Vin.(?)) give substantially the same. 5 The name suggests Thasos, off the Thracian coast.
81 VOL, 11. G
THEOPHRASTUS
a \ \ ἰσχυροτάτην πρὸς τοὺς χειμῶνας. τὴν δὲ Bou A 4 ὠτίαν γλυκυτάτην Kal τῷ σχήματι στρογγύλην, 3 “ Ἁ / 4 Ψ δ᾽ A ? οὐχ ὥσπερ THY KiXewvaiay μακρὰν. ὅσων Oo ἂν ἡ λεῖα τὰ φύλλα, γλυκύτεραι καὶ ἡδίους, ὅσων δ᾽ ἂν τραχέα, δριμύτεραι. γένος δέ τι παρὰ ταῦτα ἔστιν ὃ ἔχει τὸ φύλλον εὐζώμῳ ὅμοιον. ῥαφα- νῖδος μὲν οὖν ταῦτα. Γογγυλίδος δὲ οἱ μέν φασιν εἶναι οἱ δ᾽ οὔ 2 A a ΚΥ n / / φασιν, ἀλλὰ τῷ ἄρρενι καὶ τῇ θηλείᾳ διαφέρειν, γίνεσθαι δὲ ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ σπέρματος ἄμφω. \ ‘ \ 2 4 4 A / πρὸς δὲ τὸ ἀποθηλύνεσθαι πηγνύναι δεῖν paras’ ἐὰν γὰρ πυκνάς, πάσας ἀπαρρενοῦσθαι, τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον κἂν ἐν γῇ μοχθηρᾷ σπαρῶσι" δι᾽ ὃ καὶ πρὸς σπερματισμὸν μεταφέροντες φυτεύουσι τὰς ἐκφύσεις καὶ πλατείας. ἔστι δὲ καὶ τὸ σπέρμα a ΜΝ ἃ -“ / / A \ τῇ ὄψει TO χεῖρον Kal βέλτιον φανερόν' τῆς μὲν γὰρ χρηστῆς λεπτὸν τῆς δὲ μοχθηρᾶς ἁδρόν. χειμαζομένη δὲ χαίρει καὶ αὕτη καὶ ἡ padavis: οἴονται γὰρ ἅμα γλυκαίνεσθαί τε καὶ τὴν αὔξησιν 3 \ e/ / > 3 δ 4 εἰς τὴν pilav τρέπεσθαι καὶ οὐκ εἰς τὰ φύλλα. τοῖς δὲ νοτίοις καὶ ταῖς εὐδίαις ἐκκαυλεῖ ταχύ. τοῦτο μὲν οὖν λόγου δεῖται τῆς ὁμοιώσεως ἐν 2 a 4 \ / ἀμφοῖν εἶναι Tas διαφοράς.
1 Diosc, 2. 112 mentions a kind called by the Romans ἀρμοράκιον. Plin. 19. 82 has armoracia and says that this was called armon in Pontus ; Sch. suggests that the latter name may have given rise to both armoracia and dpwpéa.
2 Plin. 18. 129, cf. 19. 75; Athen. 9. 7.
3 anyvivat. The verb is used of planting seeds singly ; ef. 6.6.9; 7. 1. 2; 7. 5. ὃ.
$2
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 1. 2-3
Thracian radish, and it stands the winter best. The Boeotian is said to be the sweetest and to be round in shape, not of a long shape like that of Cleonae. Those kinds whose leaves are smooth are sweeter and pleasanter to the taste, those whose leaves are rough have a somewhat sharp taste. Besides the above-mentioned kinds! there is yet another, whose leaves resemble those of rocket. These then are the different kinds of radish.
Of the turnip? all do not agree that there are several kinds, but some say that the only difference is between the ‘male’ and the ‘female,’ and that both forms come from the same seed. In order to produce ‘ female’ plants it is said that the seed should be sown thinly, for that, if it is sown thick, the result is all ‘male’ plants; and that the same result follows if the seed is sown in poor soil. Wherefore, when they are shifting plants for seeding,* they plant the seedlings®5 wide apart.® Good and inferior seed can be easily distinguished by their appearance ; the seed of a good plant is fine, that of a poor one coarse. Both this plant and radish like exposure to winter; for it is supposed that this makes them sweeter and that they are thus made to grow roots rather than leaves. With a south wind and warm weather they run up quickly. It needs explanation that both plants should thus adapt Τ themselves in special ways.
4 πρὸς σπερματισμὸν conj. W.; τοὺς σπερματισμοὺς Ald H. ef. 7. 5. 3. δ ἐκφύσεις : cf. 3. 3. 7
ὁ καὶ πλατείας corrupt. διεστηκυίας iw. ) gives the required sense ; but there may be a loss of some words, πλατείας in-
dicating that the object is to produce broader plants. cf. C.P. 5. 6. 9 and Sch.’s note.
7 τῆς ὁμοιώσεως probably corrupt: no correction suggests itself. 83
9 2
THEOPHRASTUS
Τῆς δὲ ῥαφάνου τριχῆ διαιρουμένης, οὖλο- φύλλου τε καὶ λειοφύλλου καὶ τρίτης τῆς ἀγρίας, «ἡ ἀγρία» τὸ μὲν φύλλον ἔ ἔχει λεῖον μικρὸν δὲ καὶ περιφερές, πολύκλαδος καὶ πολύφυλλος, ἔτι δὲ χυλὸν ἔχουσα͵ δριμὺν καὶ ᾿φαρμακώδη, δι᾽ ὃ καὶ πρὸς τὰς κοιλίας αὐτῷ χρῶνται οἱ ἰατροί. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἐν ἐκείναις δοκοῦσι διαφοραὶ καθ᾽ ἑκατέραν" ἐπεὶ ἄσπερμόν τί γένος αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἢ κακό- σπερμον. τὸ δ᾽ ὅλον ἡ οὔλη τῆς λείας εὐχυλο- τέρα καὶ μεγαλοφυλλοτέρα.
Εὐχυλότερον δὲ καὶ τῶν τευτλίων 70 λευκὸν τοῦ μέλανος καὶ ὀλιγοσπερμότερον, ὃ καλοῦσί τινες Σικελικόν.
Ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ τῆς ᾿θριδακίνης' ἡ γὰρ λευκὴ γλυκυτέρα καὶ ἁπαλωτέρα. γένη δὲ αὐτῆς ἐστὶν
ἄλλα τρία, τό TE πλατύκαυλον καὶ στρογγυλό- καυλον καὶ τρίτον τὸ Λακωνικόν' αὕτη δὲ τὸ μὲν φύλλον ἔ ἔχει σκολυμῶδες, ὀρθὴ δὲ καὶ εὐαυξὴς καὶ ἀπαράβλαστος ἐ ἐκ τοῦ καυλοῦ. τῶν δὲ πλατειῶν οὕτω τινὲς πλατύκαυλοι γίνονται ὥστ᾽ ἐνίους φασὶ καὶ θύραις χρῆσθαι ,κκηπουρικαῖς. τὸ δὲ ὀπῶδες σφόδρα καὶ ᾿“μικρόφυλλον καὶ λευκο- καυλότερον ἔοικεν ary ig.
Τῶν δὲ σελίνων καὶ ἐν τοῖς φύλλοις καὶ ἐν τοῖς καυλοῖς αἱ διαφοραί: τὸ μὲν γὰρ πυκνὸν καὶ οὗλον καὶ δασὺ τὸ φύλλον ἔχει, τὸ δὲ μανότερον καὶ πλατύτερον καυλὸν δὲ μείζω. τούτων δὲ πάλιν τὰ μὲν λευκόκαυλα τὰ δὲ πορφυρόκαυλα ἢ ποικιλόκαυλα' τὸ δ᾽ ὅλον ἅπαν τὸ τοιοῦτον ἐμφερέστερον τῷ ἀγρίῳ.
——2
1 Athen. 9.9; Plin. 19. 80. 2 Wild radish. See Index. 84
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. w. 4-6
1Of cabbage three kinds are distinguished, the curly-leaved, the smooth-leaved, and thirdly, the wild form.2 The wild form’ has a small round leaf, it has many branches and many leaves, and further a sharp medicinal taste ; wherefore physicians use it for the stomach. Between the other two kinds‘ there seem‘also to be differences, inasmuch as one of them bears no seed or only inferior seed. In general the curly-leaved kind has a better flavour than the smooth and it has larger leaves.
5So too with beet; the white kind has a better flavour than the black and produces fewer seeds ; some call it ‘ Sicilian ’ beet.
So too with lettuce; the white kind is sweeter and tenderer. Of this plant there are three other kinds,® the flat-stalked, the round-stalked, and the Laconian; the last-named has a leaf like the golden thistle,’ but is erect and strong-growing and has no side-shoots® from the main stem. Of the ‘flat’ kinds some have such flat stalks that some, they say, use them to make a garden trellis.° The third kind, which has much milky juice and small leaves and a whiter stem, is like a wild plant.
10In celery the differences between the various kinds lie in the leaves and stem; one kind is close and curly and has rough leaves, the other is more open in growth and flatter, but has a larger stalk. Again there are kinds with stems white, red or parti- coloured ; and in general all such forms resemble more the wild kind.
3 ἡ ἀγρία add. W.
4 ἐκείναις conj. Sch. from Plin. U.c.; ἐκείνῳ Ald. H.
5 Athen. 9. 11; Plin. 19. 132.
6 Plin, 19. 125. 7 Athen. 2. 79. 8 of. 7. 2. 4. 9 ostiola olitoria Plin. 19. 125. 10 Plin. 19. 124.
85
THEOPHRASTUS
v4 \ ’ “A A 4 Σικύου δὲ καὶ κολοκύντης τοῦ μὲν εἶναί φασι γένη τῆς δ᾽ οὐκ εἶναι, καθάπερ τῆς ῥαφανῖδος καὶ τῆς γογγυλίδος, ἀλλ᾽ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ γένει τὰς μὲν βελτίους τὰς δὲ χείρους. τοῦ δὲ͵ σικύου τρία, Λακωνικὸν σκυταλίαν Βοιώτιον" τούτων δὲ ὁ μὲν Λακωνικὸς ὑδρενόμενος βελτίων, οἱ δ᾽ ἕτεροι ἀνύδρευτοι.
Ἁ Διαφέρει δὲ γένει καὶ τὰ κρόμνα καὶ τὰ σκόροδα. πλείω δὲ τοῦ κρομύου τὰ γένη, οἷον
\ \ \ / 9 ᾽ ᾽ / τὰ κατὰ τὰς χώρας ἐπικαλούμενα Σάρδια Kvidia Σαμοθράκια, καὶ πάλιν τὰ σητάνια καὶ σχιστὰ καὶ ᾿Ασκαλώνια. τούτων δὲ τὰ μὲν σητάνια μικρὰ γλυκέα δὲ εὖ μάλα, τὰ δὲ σχιστὰ καὶ ἀσκαλώνια καὶ ταῖς θεραπείαις διαφέροντα καὶ δῆλον ὅτι τῇ φύσει: τὸ γὰρ σχιστὸν τῷ μὲν “A \ Ὁ» ’ n A χειμῶνι META τῆς κόμης ἐῶσιν ἀργόν, ἅμα δὲ τῷ ἦρι τὰ φύλλα περιαιροῦσι τὰ ἔξω καὶ τὰ ἄλλα
4 A
Geparrevovot περιαιρεθέντων δὲ τῶν φύλλων Ψ ’ \ [2 , ᾽ 9 A ἕτερα βλαστάνει καὶ ἅμα κάτω σχίζεται, δι’ ὃ
fat ’ id \Y eo \ 4 καλοῦσι σχιστά. οἱ δὲ καὶ ὅλως φασὶ πάντων δεῖν, ὅπως ἡ δύναμις εἰς τὸ κάτω καὶ μὴ σπερ- μοφνῇ. τῶν δὲ ᾿Ασκαλωνίων ἰδία τις ἡ φύσις" ’ lal μόνα yap <ov> σχιστὰ Kal ὥσπερ ἄγονα ἀπὸ τῆς
e, Mv δὲ 3 3 A 9 A \ 9 (ὃ ῥίζης, ἔτε ὁὸὲ ἐν αὐτοῖς ἀναυξῆ καὶ ἀνεπίδοτα"
1 Athen. 8. 4; Plin. 19. 68.
2 Plin. 19. 101-104.
3 Σάρδια conj. Meurs. from Plin. l.c.; γάρδια Ald. H.
4,6. making offsets.
5 ᾿Ασκαλώνια, whence Eng. shallot; though this name is applied to x. σχιστόν. ὁ τὸ add. W.
86
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. τν. 6-8
As to cucumber and gourd, it is said that there are various forms of the former, but of the latter, just as in radish and turnip, the differences are only between better and inferior individuals. 1Of the cucumber there are three forms, the Laconian the cudgel-shaped and the Boeotian. Of these the Laconian is better with moisture, the others without it.
2There are also various kinds of onion and of garlic; those of the onion are the more numerous, for instance, those called after their localities Sardian,’ Cnidian, Samothracian; and again the ‘annual’ the ‘divided’* (shallot) and that of Ascalon.6 Of these the annual kind is small but very sweet, while the divided and the Ascalonian differ plainly as to their character as well as in respect of their cultivation. For the ‘divided’ ® kind they leave untended in winter with its foliage,’ but in spring they strip off® the outside leaves and tend the plant in other ways; when the leaves are stripped off, others grow, and at the same time division takes place under ground, which is the reason of the name ‘divided.’* Some indeed say that all kinds should be thus treated, in order that the force of the plant may be directed downwards and it may not go to seed. The Ascalonian kind has a somewhat peculiar character ; it is the only kind which does not 10 divide and which does not, as it were, reproduce itself from the root; moreover in the plant! itself there is no power of increasing and multiplying; wherefore
κόμης ἐῶσιν conj. Scal.; κοιμησέως UMP, Ald.
περιαιροῦσι conj Scal. from Plin. J.c. and G3; περιάγουσι
P.Ald.H. 9. of. Pall. 3. 24. 3. 10 οὐ add. Scal. 11 4.e. the part above ground.
87
10
THEOPHRASTUS
A > A δι’ ὃ καὶ οὐ πηγνύουσιν ἀλλὰ σπείρουσιν αὐτὰ A ’ 3 oN δ ΝΜ 10” Ψ καὶ σπείρουσιν ὀψὲ πρὸς τὸ ἔαρ, εἶθ᾽ ὅταν
a A βλαστήσῃ μεταφυτεύουσι' τελειοῦται δὲ οὕτω / Ψ 3 [τ aA Ν᾿ A \ , ταχέως ὥσθ᾽ ἅμα τοῖς ἄλλοις ἢ καὶ πρότερον
a A > A ἐξαιρεῖσθαι’ πλέονα δὲ χρόνον ἐαθέντα ἐν τῇ [οὶ , / δὲ N 2 ’ \ γῇ σήπεται" φυτευθέντα δὲ καυλὸν ἀφίησι καὶ A ’ σπέρμα φύει μόνον, εἶτα κενοῦται καὶ αὐαίνεται. 4 τούτων μὲν οὖν τοιαύτη τις ἡ φύσις. ‘ A 3 A Διαφέρει δ᾽ ἔνια καὶ τοῖς χρώμασιν" ἐν ᾿Ισσῷ γὰρ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα ὅμοια τοῖς ἄλλοις, λευκὰ δὲ σφόδρα τῇ χροιᾷ' φέρειν δέ φασιν ὅμοια τοῖς a ? 4 ς 4 ε a A Σαρδιανοῖς. ἰδιωτάτη δὲ ἡ φύσις ἡ τῶν Κρητικῶν, A al παραπλησία δὲ τρόπον τινὰ τοῖς ᾿Ασκαλωνίοις, εἰ ’ὔ μὴ ἄρα καὶ ἡ αὐτή. ἐν Κρήτῃ γάρ ἐστί τι γένος ὃ σπειρόμενον μὲν ῥίζαν ποιεῖ φυτενόμενον δὲ \ \ , \ \ 2 ΝΜ A καυλὸν Kal σπέρμα, κεφαλὴν δὲ οὐκ ἴσχει, γλυκὺ A A A \ n δὲ τῷ χυμῷ" τοῦτο yap οἷον ἀνάπαλιν ἔχει τοῖς Μ᾿ σ \ 4 \ 4 ἄλλοις. ἅπαντα yap πηγνύμενα καὶ βελτίω a / καὶ θᾶττον παραγίνεται. πάντα δὲ φυτεύεται > ἴω A A A pet ᾿Αρκτοῦρον ἔτι θερμῆς οὔσης τῆς γῆς, ὅπως τὰ ὕδατα πεφυτευμένα καταλαμβάνῃ. καὶ ὅλα δὲ φυτεύεται καὶ διατεμνόμενα παρὰ τὴν κεφα- λήν. οὐχ ὅμοιαι δὲ αἱ ἐκβλαστήσεις, ἀλλ᾽ ἐκ μὲν τοῦ κάτω γίνεται κρόμνον, ἐκ δὲ τοῦ ἄνω
1 πῃηγνύρυσι: οἵ. 7. 4.2n. The word evidently has a dif- ferent sense here; cf. § 10, where πηγνύω and φυτεύω seem to be synonymous. οὕτω conj. Sch. from G; τοῖς ἄλλοις Ald.
1.6. instead of being raised from seed. cf. what is said 7. 2. 2 of the offsets of γήθυον.
88
Co PD
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 1v. 8-10
many do not plant! these, but raise them from seed ; and the sowing is made late, towards the spring; and then, when the seed has germinated, they transplant. And the plant arrives at maturity so? fast that it is taken up with the others or even earlier ; whereas, if it is left a longer time in the ground, it rots. If planted on the other hand,’ it sends up a stem and merely produces seed, and then shrivels up‘ and withers. Such then is the character of these.
Some also shew differences in colour; thus at Issus5 are found plants which in other respects resemble the others,® but which are extremely white in colour; and they bear, it is said, onions like those of Sardis. Most distinct however is the character of the Cretan kind, which resembles to some extent that of Ascalon, if indeed it be not the same. For in Crete there is a kind which when sown produces a root, but when planted produces a stem and seed but has no ‘head’;’ and it is sweet in flavour. This kind in fact has just the contrary character to the others; for they all grow better and faster when they are planted. All are planted® after the rising of Arcturus while the earth is still warm, so that the rains may come upon them after planting. They are planted 9 either entire or else in sections made by cutting at the ‘head.’ The growth which results is not uniform ; from the lower part comes an_ onion,
4 κενοῦται conj. St. from G extnaniuntur ; καινοῦται Ald.
5 Ἴσσῳ conj. Sch. from G and Plin. ἐ.ς.; tom UM; νήσφ Ald. H 8 ἄλλοις conj. Sch ; λευκοῖς Ald. 7 Sc. bulb.
8 purevera: conj. Sch ; φύεται Ald. See next note. 5 φυτεύεται M; φύεται Ald. cf. C.P. 1. 4. 5.
89
11
12
THEOPHRASTUS
χλόη μόνον' ὀρθὸν δὲ διατμηθὲν ὅλως ἀβλαστές ἐστι. τὸ δὲ γήτειον καλούμενον ἀκέφαλόν τι καὶ ὥσπερ αὐχένα μακρὸν ἔχον, ὅθεν καὶ ἡ βλάστησις aK pa: καὶ ἐπικείρεται πολλάκις, ὥσπερ τὸ πρά- σον, δι ὃ καὶ σπείρουσιν αὐτὸ καὶ οὐ φυτεύουσι. τὰ μὲν οὖν κρόμυα σχεδὸν ταύτας ἔχει τὰς ἰδέας.
Τὸ δὲ σκόροδον ᾿φυτεύεται μὲν μικρὸν πρὸ τροπῶν ἢ μετὰ τροπὰς διαιρούμενον κατὰ γέλγεις. διαφορὰ δέ ἐστιν αὐτῶν ἥ τε τῶν ὀψίων πρὸς τὰ Tpwia: γένος γάρ τι τυγχάνει τοιοῦτον ὃ ἐν ἑξήκοντα ἡμέραις τελειοῦται, καὶ μεγέθει καὶ μικρότητι. καὶ τῷ μεγέθει γένος τε διάφορόν ἐστι, μάλιστα δὲ τὸ Κύπριον καλούμενον τοιοῦτον, ὅπερ οὐχ ἑψοῦσιν ἀλλὰ πρὸς τοὺς μυττωτοὺς χρῶνται, καὶ ἐν τῇ τρίψει θαυμαστὸν ποιεῖ τὸν ὄγκον ἐκπνευματούμενον. καὶ ἔτι τῷ μὴ ἔχειν ἔνια τὰς γέλγεις. ἡ δὲ γλυκύτης καὶ ἡ εὐωδία καὶ ἡ ἁδρότης σχεδὸν παρὰ τὰς χώρας γίνεται καὶ τὰς θεραπείας, ὥσπερ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων. τεέλει- οὔται δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ σπέρματος ἀλλὰ βραδέως: τῷ πρώτῳ γὰ ἔτει κεφαλὴν ἡλίκην πράσου λαμ- βάνει, τῷ δ᾽ ὕστερον γελγιδοῦται, καὶ τῷ τρίτῳ τέλειον γίνεται, καὶ οὐδὲν χεῖρον ἀλλ᾽ ἔνιοί γέ καὶ κάλλιόν φασι τοῦ πηκτοῦ. τῆς δὲ ῥίξης ἡ γένεσις οὐχ ὁμοία τοῦ τε “σκορόδου καὶ τοῦ κρομύου' ἀλλὰ τοῦ μὲν σκορόδου ὅ ὅταν ἀνοιδήσῃ
ἡ γελγὶς κυρτοῦται πᾶσα καὶ ἐνταῦθα αὐξηθεῖσα διαιρεῖται πάλιν εἰς τὰς γέλγεις καὶ ἐξ ἑνὸς πολλὰ γίνεται τῷ τελειοῦσθαι τὴν κεφαλήν, τὸ δὲ
1 te, bulb; ef. 9. 1]. 6. Of 27.202 3 Plin. 19. 11} and 112.
go
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. rv. ro-12
from the upper only foliage; while, if the plant is divided vertically, no growth at all takes place. The kind called horn-onion has no ‘head,’! but has as it were a long neck, at the top of which comes the new growth; it is often cut, like the leek; where- fore it is raised from seed and not planted.?, Such then, one may say, are the forms of the onion.
3 Garlic is planted a little before or after the solstice, when it divides into cloves.4 There are different kinds distinguished as late or early, for there is one kind which matures in® sixty days. There are also differences as to size. There is one kind which excels in size, especially that variety which is called Cyprian, which is not cooked but used for salads, and, when it is pounded up, it increases wondrously in bulk, making a foaming dressing. There is a further difference, in that some kinds cannot be divided into cloves. The sweetness of taste and smell and the vigour depend on the position ὁ and on cultivation, as with other herbs. Garlic reaches maturity from seed, but slowly, for in the first year it acquires a ‘head’ which is only as large as that of the leek, but in the next year it divides into cloves, and in the third is fully grown, and is not inferior, indeed some say it is superior, to the garlic which has been planted.’ The growth of the root in garlic and onion is not the same; in garlic, when the clove has swollen, the whole of it becomes convex ®; then it increases and divides again into the cloves, and becomes several plants instead of one by the maturing of the ‘head,’
4 γέλγεις conj. Scal. from G (nucleatim divisum) ; γένη Ald. 5 ὃ ἐν conj. Sch.; ὅθεν UMAId.
6 χώρας conj. Dalec.; Spas UMP, Ald. 7 Sc. not raised from seed. So W. renders.
QI
THEOPHRASTUS
Kpopvov εὐθὺς ἐκ τῆς ῥίζης ἄλλο καὶ ἄλλο παρα- φίησι, καθάπερ καὶ βολβοὶ καὶ σκίλλα καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα. καὶ γὰρ τὰ κρόμνα καὶ τὰ σκόροδα A 3 ’ 3 9 2.» \ , μὴ ἀναιρούντων ἀλλ ἐωντων πολλαᾶ yiveTat. φέρειν δέ φασι καὶ τὸ σκόροδον ἐπὶ τῆς φύσιγγος Ν , σκόροδα Kal TO κρόμυον κρόμνα' περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν γενέσεων ἱκανῶς εἰρήσθω. V. Φίλυδρα δὲ πάντα τὰ ἄλλα λάχανα καὶ 4 A , A Lo , φιλόκοπρα πλὴν πηγάνου, τοῦτο δὲ ἥκιστα φιλό- κοπρον. τὰ χειμερινὰ δὲ οὐχ ἧττον τῶν θερινῶν ’ A A Kal Ta ἐπίκηρα τῶν ἰσχυρῶν. κόπρον δὲ μάλιστα ἐπαινοῦσι τὴν συρματῖτιν, τὴν δὲ τῶν ὑποζυγίων \ \ \ , 3 ’ A μοχθηρᾶν διὰ τὸ μάλιστα ἐξικμάζεσθαι: ζητοῦσι , A δὲ τὴν κόπρον ἅμα TO σπόρῳ μάλιστα συνανα- a e \ \ 7 3 4 μιχθεῖσαν' ot δὲ καὶ σπείροντες ἐπιβάλλουσι" χρῶνται δὲ καὶ τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ ὠμῇ πρὸς τὴν / aA χύλωσιν. φιλυδρότερα δὲ τὰ χειμερινὰ τῶν θερινῶν καὶ τὰ ἀσθενῆ τῶν ἰσχυρῶν, ἔτι δὲ τὰ πλείστης δεόμενα τροφῆς. φίλυδρα καὶ τὸ κρόμυον καὶ τὸ γήθυον' καίτοι φασί τινες οὐ a \ ν᾿ A Cntetv, ἐὰν TO πρῶτον ἐπιγένηται Sis ἢ τρίς. τῶν δὲ ὑδάτων ἄριστα τὰ πότιμα καὶ τὰ ψυχρά, , δὲ \ e \ \ ὃ a ὃ 3 ἃ Ν χείριστα δὲ τὰ ἁλυκὰ καὶ δυσμανῆ, δι’ ὃ καὶ ἐκ τῶν ὀχετῶν οὐ χρηστά: συμπεριφέρει yap σπέρματα πόας. ἀγαθὰ δὲ τὰ ἐκ διός" ταῦτα
1 of. 7. 2. 2 and 3. 2 φύσιγγος conj. Casaub. on Athen. 2. 78; σφύριγγος UM Ald. See LS φύσιγὲ.
3 καὶ τὸ κρόμνον i conj. Sch. ; al τὰ κρόμμνα UMAI. 4 Plin. 19. 156.
Q2
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. iw. 12-v. 2
while the onion puts out another and another growth straight from the root, as do purse-tassels! and squill and all such plants. For both onions and garlic multiply if they are not removed but left alone. They say also that garlic produces garlic heads on the stalk,? and that the onion in like manner pro- duces onions.? Let this suffice for an account of their ways of - growth.
Of the cultivation of pot-herbs ; manure and water.
V. 4 All the pot-herbs are lovers of water and of dung, except rue, which does not at all like dung; this is true of the winter no less than of the summer herbs, and of the tender no less than of the strong ones. The dung which is most commended is that which is mixed with litter, while that of beasts of burden is held to be bad, because it is most apt to lose its moisture. Dung which is mixed with the seed is most in request, but some cast the manure on while they are sowing, and they also use fresh human dung as a liquid manure.’ The winter crops like moisture more than the summer ones, and the weak more than the strong, as well as those which specially need feeding. Onion and long onion also love moisture, though some say that they do not require it, if at the outset it has been applied twice or thrice. © Fresh cold water is the best, and the worst is that which is brackish and thick:? wherefore the water from irrigation ditches is not good, for it brings with it seeds of weeds. Rain
5 Lit. ‘for their liquid-manuring.’ ef. C.P. 3. 9. 2, where χύλωσις must have the same sense.
6 Plin. 12. 182 and 183,
? δυσμανῆ UMAIA.; δυσμενῆ H.
93
i
THEOPHRASTUS
yap δοκεῖ καὶ φθείρειν τὰ θηρία [γινόμενα] τὰ γόνιμα κατεσθίοντα. φασὶ δέ τινες οὔτε τοῖς σικύοις συμφέρειν οὔτε τοῖς κρομύοις. ἀρδεύουσι δὲ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα πρωὶ ἢ πρὸς ἑσπέραν, ὅπως μὴ A Ν \ 3 Ν / A καθέψηται, τὸ δὲ ὥκιμον Kai μεσημβρίας" καὶ γὰρ διαβλαστάνειν θᾶττόν φασι θερμῷ τὸ πρῶτον 3 / \ \ Ἁ ’ὔ (of A ἀρδευόμενον. τὸ δὲ πολὺ λίαν ὕδωρ δοκεῖ συμ- , ΝΜ Ν \ ” / φέρειν ἄλλως τε καὶ ἐὰν [μὴ] ἔχῃ κόπρον" πολλάκις γὰρ πεινῆν τὰ λάχανά φασι, καὶ ταῦτα ’ wn a) γνωρίζειν τοὺς ἐμπείρους τῶν κηπουρῶν. Μεταφυτευόμενα δὲ πάντα καλλίω καὶ μείζω γίνεται" καὶ γὰρ τὰ τῶν πράσων μεγέθη καὶ τὰ a ς / 3 , ‘A \ τῶν ῥαφανίδων ἐκ μεταφυτείας. μάλιστα δὲ ’ὔ μεταφυτεύουσι πρὸς τοὺς σπερματισμούς: καὶ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα ὑπομένει, οἷον γήθυον πράσον “ A padavos aixvos σέλινον γογγυλὶς Opidak, «τὰ δὲ» γλίσχρως. ἅπαντα δ᾽ εὐαυξέστερα καὶ μείξω πηγνυμένων τῶν σπερμάτων ἢ σπειρομένων. Θηρία δὲ γίνεται ταῖς μὲν ῥαφανῖσι ψύλλαι, τῇ δὲ ῥαφάνῳ κάμπαι καὶ σκώληκες, καὶ ἐν τῇ θριδακίνῃ καὶ ἐν τοῖς πράσοις καὶ ἐν ἄλλοις δὲ ’ πλείοσιν αἱ πρασοκουρίδες. ταύτας μὲν οὖν ἡ a“ / κράστις ἀθροισθεῖσα ἀπόλλυσι Kal ὅταν κόπρος
1 γινόμενα τὰ γόνιμα H.; γινόμενα γόνιμα UMAId.; ὃ τὰ τὰ γόνιμα, Hither γινόμενα or γόνιμα seems to be due to ditto- graphy. For γόνιμα οἵ. C.P. 1. 15. 1: τὰς γονίμους ἀρχάς.
2 καθέψηται conj. Sch. after Plin. l.c.; καθάψηται P,Ald.
3 ἔχῃ κόπρον conj. Dalec.; μὴ ἔχῃ «x. Ald.; μετέχῃ κόπρον conj. W. οἵ. 7. 5. 1, χύλωσιν ; CLP. ἃ. 9. 2.
4 Plin. 19. 183.
94
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. v. 2-4
water is good, for it also appears to destroy the pests which devour the young plants.!. Some however say that rain-water is not good for melons nor for onions. Most herbs are watered in early morning or at evening, so that they may not be dried up?; but basil is watered even at noon, for-it is said that it grows more quickly if it is watered at first with warm water. In general water seems to be extremely beneficial, especially if it is mixed with dung; for, they say, pot-herbs often are hungry, and experienced gardeners can recognise when this is so.
4 All herbs grow finer and larger if transplanted ; for even the size of leeks and radishes depends on transplantation. Transplanting is done especially in view of collecting seed>: and, while most herbs bear it well, as long onion leek cabbage cucumber celery turnip lettuce, others bear it less well.6 All however make better growth and are larger if the seed is planted’ rather than scattered.
Of the pests which infest pot-herbs.
8 As for pests,—radish is attacked by spiders,® cabbage by caterpillars and grubs, while in lettuce, leek, and many other herbs occur ‘leek-cutters.’ 10 These are destroyed by collecting green fodder," or when they have been caught somewhere in a mass
5 σπερματισμοὺς conj. Scal.; σπερματικοὺς UMAId. ef. 7. 4. 3.
8 τὰ δὲ γλίσχρως conj. Sch., adding τὰ δὲ; γλίσχρως U; γλίσχροι Μ; γλίσχρος Ald.; γλήχων conj. Scal. Sch. also conjectures τὰ Aloxpa: see LS. 3.v.
7 πηγνυμένων : cf. 6. 6.9; 7. 4. ὃ. 8 Plin. 19. 177.
9 ψύλλαι : of. Arist. H.A. 9. 39. 1.
10 πρασοκουρίδες : ? leaf-maggots. cf. Arist. H.A. 5. 19. 20; Geop. 12. 9.
1 κράστις conj. R. Const.; κρᾶσις Ald.
95
6
THEOPHRASTUS
ἀθρόα πον καταλάβῃ" φιλόκοπρον δ᾽ ὃν τὸ θηρίον ἀναδύεται καὶ ἐνδῦσα κοιμᾶται ἐν τῇ κόπρῳ, δι᾽ aA ὃ} ε (ὃ θ 4 ΚΝ δ᾽ 3 ΝΜ a Ὁ ὃη padtov θηρεύειν ἄλλως ὁ οὐκ ἔστι. TALS \ e a \ \ 4 4 Ἁ δὲ ῥαφανῖσι πρὸς τὰς ψύλλας πρόσφορον τὸ ἐπισπείρειν ὀρόβους. πρὸς δὲ τὸ μὴ γίνεσθαι
uA wv 4 A 2Q/ e Ν ψύλλας οὔ φασιν εἶναι φάρμακον οὐδέν. ὑπὸ δὲ τὸ ἄστρον ὦκιμον μὲν λευκαίνεται κορίαννον δὲ e A \ \ 4 ’ Ν 7 ἁλμᾷ. , τὰ μὲν οὖν συμβαίνοντα διὰ τούτων θεωρητέον.
A \ 4 \ / > > / Τῶν δὲ σπερμάτων τὰ μέν ἐστιν ἰσχυρότερα ’ τὰ δὲ ἀσθενέστερα πρὸς διαμονήν: ἰσχυρότερα μὲν οἷον κορίαννον τεύτλιον πράσον κάρδαμον A » / e A \ ’ / νᾶπυ εὔξωμον θύμβρα, ἁπλῶς τὰ δριμέα πάντα" 3 / \ [4 aA \ ? 247 ἀσθενέστερα δὲ γήθυον, τοῦτο γὰρ οὐκ ἐθέλει μένειν, ἀδράφαξυς ὦκιμον κολοκύντη σίκυος, ἁπλῶς τὰ θερινὰ τῶν χειμερινῶν μᾶλλον. δια- μένει δὲ οὐδὲν πλέον τεττάρων ἐτῶν ὥστε ἔτι χρήσιμον εἶναι πρὸς τοὺς σπόρους: ἀλλὰ διένα A / \ δὲ 7 ὑδὲ , ‘ δ᾽ μὲν βελτίω, Ta ὃὲ τριένα οὐδὲν χείρω, τὸ ὑπερτεῖνον ἤδη χεῖρον. Ν \ \ \ / 2 \ 4 II pos δὲ τὴν μαγειρικὴν χρείαν ἐπὶ πλείω δια-
1 κόπρος ἀθρόα πον καταλάβῃ Ald.; κόπρον ἀθρόαν πού τις καταβάλῃ conj. W. after Sch.; κόπρον ἀθρόαν conj. Scal.
2 φιλόκοπρον δ᾽ ὃν τὸ θήριον ἀναδύεται καὶ ἐνδῦσα conj. W.; φιλόπονον τὸ θήριον ἀναδεύεται καὶ ἐν ais κοιμᾶται UMAId.; φίλυπνον conj. R. Const., but W.’s conj. is confirmed by Geop. 1.c. The change of gender in ἐνδῦσα is strange.
3 πρὸς Tas WUAAas πρόσφορον τὸ mBas.; ψύλλας πρὸς τὸ Ald. H.; xpos τὰς ψύλλας ἀρκεῖ τὸ conj. W.
4 ψύλλας Ald.; καμπὰς conj. Sch. followed by W.
5 cf. Geop. 12.7; Pall. 1. 35. 8; Plin. J.c.
96
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. v. 4-6
of dung,! the pest being fond of dung emerges, and, having entered the heap, remains dormant there? ; wherefore it is then easy to catch, which otherwise it is not. To protect? radishes against spiders ὁ it is of use to sow vetch® among the crop; to prevent the spiders from being engendered they say that there is no specific. 6 Basil turns pale about the rising of the dog-star, and coriander becomes mildewed.? In these instances we may observe the accidents which occur to pot-herbs.
Of the time for which seed of pot-herbs can be kept.
8 Of seeds some have more vitality than others as to keeping; among the more vigorous ones are coriander beet leek cress mustard rocket savory, and in general ® those of pungent taste ; among the less vigorous are long onion—which will not keep —orach basil gourd cucumber; and in general the summer herbs keep less well than the winter ones. No seed will keep more than four years so as still to be of use for sowing ; though it is better in the second year,!°in some cases it does not deteriorate in three years,!! but after that time 12 deterioration begins.
However for cooking purposes seed will keep a
6 Plin. 19. 176.
7 ἁλμᾷ conj.W.; ἅλμαι MAld.; ἁλμαίνεται Vo.Vin.; ἁλμᾶται mBas. ef. 8.10.1; C.P. 6.10.5. In all three places W. introduces this word, comparing ψωριᾶν ἐρυσιβᾶν, etc.
§ Plin. 19. 181.
® ἁπλῶς conj. St. from G; ἄλλως Ald.; ἄλως U.
10 διένα conj. Scal.; δι’ ἕνα UMAId.H.
11 τὰ δὲ τριένα conj.W.; διὰ δὲ τρεῖς UMAId.H.
12 ὑπερτεῖνον conj. Scal.: cf. 8.11. δ᾽; ὑπὲρ γαῖον UMAId.; ὑπερβαῖνον Ἡ.
97 VOL. II. H
THEOPHRASTUS
μένει, πλὴν ἀσθενέστερα ταῦτα ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι διὰ τὴν ἀναπνοὴν καὶ τὴν σκωλήκωσιν. φθορὰ δὲ μάλιστα μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν θηρίων" γίγνεται γὰρ ἐν ἅπασι καὶ τοῖς δριμέσιν, ἥκιστα δὲ ἐν τῷ σικυῶνι' οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐξικμαξόμενα πικρὰ γίνεται τῇ γεύσει, δι’ ὃ καὶ πρὸς τὴν χρείαν χείρω. καὶ περὶ μὲν τῶν σπερμάτων καὶ ἁπλῶς τῶν κηπευο- μένων ἱκανῶς εἰρήσθω.
VI. Περὶ δὲ τῶν ἀγρίων καὶ τῶν καλουμένων ἀρουραίων πειρατέον ὁμοίως εἰπεῖν. τυγχάνει δὲ τὰ μὲν ὁμώνυμα τοῖς ἡμέροις: ἅπαντα γάρ ἐστι τὰ γένη ταῦτα καὶ ἄγρια, καὶ σχεδὸν τά γε πολλὰ παραπλησίαν ἔχοντα τὴν ὄψιν τοῖς ἡμέροις, πλὴν τοῖς γε φύλλοις ἐλάττω ταῦτα καὶ τραχύτερα καὶ τοῖς καυλοῖς καὶ μάλιστα τοῖς χυλοῖς δριμύ- τερα καὶ ἰσχυρότερα, καθάπερ ἥ τε θύμβρα καὶ ἡ ὀρίγανος ἥ τε ῥάφανος καὶ τὸ πήγανον' ἐπεὶ καὶ τὸ λάπαθον ἄγριον, καΐπερ εὐστομώτερον τοῦ ἡμέρου ὄν, τὸν χυλὸν ὅμως ὀξύτερον ἔχει καὶ τούτῳ μάλιστα διαφέρει. πάντα δὲ καὶ ξηρότερα τῶν ἡμέρων, καὶ ἴσως αὐτῷ τούτῳ τά γε πολλὰ καὶ δριμύτερα καὶ ἰσχυρότερα.
᾿Ιδίως δὲ ἡ ῥάφανος ἔχει παρὰ τὰ ἄλλα τοὺς καυλοὺς περιφερεστέρους καὶ λειοτέρους τῆς ἡμέ-
1,6. drying-up ; cf. Plat. Tim. 85 a. 2 σκωλήκωσιν conj. Sch.; κώλυσιν Ald.; σκωλήκησιν conj.
R. Const. 3 σικνῶνι Ald.: perhaps here a general term for cucumbers,
gourds, etc.; σικυῶν M ; σικύῳ conj. W. 4 Plin, 19. 185.
98
ENQUIRY INTO! PLANTS, ‘VIL v. Gove? -
-
longer time, except that such seed must necessarily become less vigorous by reason of ‘evaporation ’! and destruction by worms.? The chief cause of loss is vermin; for vermin occur in all the seeds, even those which are pungent, though least in the gourd 8 tribe ; such seeds however, as they lose their moisture, become bitter in taste and inferior for use. Let this suffice for an account of the seeds and in general of herbs cultivated in gardens.
Of uncultivated herbs: the wild forms of pot-herbs.
VI. 4 We must now endeavour to speak in the same way of the wild kinds and of those which are called uncultivated herbs. Some of these have the same names as the cultivated ὅ kinds; for all these kinds exist also in a wild form, and most of them resemble the cultivated kinds in appearance, except that in the wild forms the leaves and also the stalks are smaller and rougher, and in particular these forms are more pungent and stronger in taste, for instance, savory ὁ marjoram cabbage and rue; the wild monk’s rhubarb (dock) indeed, though it has a pleasanter taste than the cultivated, yet has’ a sharper flavour ; and this is the chief difference. Moreover all the wild kinds are less juicy than the cultivated, and perhaps this is the very reason why most ® of them are more pungent and stronger.
A peculiarity of ‘wild cabbage’ as compared with the others is that its stems are rounder and smoother
5 ἡμέροις conj. Sch.; εἰρημένοις Ald. The correction would seem unnecessary but that Ald. gives εἰρημένοις in §4 where ἡμέρους is required. 6 ef. Diosc. 3. 37.
7 dy, τὸν I conj.; τὸν δὲ MSS, W.
8 ye conj. Sch.; re UMAId.
99
“4
--
"-- Φ ζ'΄᾽
-
-- of
voy...) STHEOPHRASEUS ρου, καὶ τὴν τοῦ φύλλου πρόσθεσιν ἐκείνη μὲν »᾿ “A [4 \ 4 \ > AN ἔχει πλατεῖαν αὕτη δὲ περιφερεστέραν, Kal αὐτὸ Ἁ ’ 3 , 3 \ f » δὲ τὸ φύλλον ἀγωνοτερον' ἐπεὶ τά γε ἄλλα τραχύτερα καὶ τοῖς καυλοῖς καὶ τοῖς φύλλοις. id δὲ Ν Ἁ \ e/ ¥ a Η δὲ γογγυλὶς καὶ τὴν ῥίζαν ἔχει μακρὰν καὶ ε 4 Ἁ Ν \ 4 ῥαφανιδώδη καὶ τὸν καυλὸν βραχύν. Θριδακίνη δὲ τό τε φύλλον βραχύτερον τῆς ἡμέρου, καὶ τελεουμένης ἀκανθοῦται, καὶ τὸν A e , \ 2 AN \ ‘\ καυλὸν ὁμοίως, τὸν ὁπὸν δὲ δριμὺν καὶ φαρμα- , , » 9 a ? , > 7 ἢ κώδη. φύεται δ᾽ ἐν ταῖς ἀρούραις: ὀπίζουσι ὃ αὐτὴν ὑπὸ πυραμητόν, καί φασι καθαίρειν ὕδρωπα 3 \ 3 > 3 a 3 lA v καὶ ἀχλὺν ἀπ᾿ ὀφθαλμῶν ἀπάγειν καὶ ἄργεμα ἀφαιρεῖν ἐν γάλακτι γυναικείῳ. Τὸ δ᾽ ἱπποσέλινον καὶ ἐλειοσέλινον καὶ opeo- , A e Μ \ Ν, σέλινον καὶ πρὸς ἑαυτὰ διαφορὰν ἔχει καὶ πρὸς τὸ ἥμερον: τὸ μὲν yap ἐλειοσέλινον τὸ παρὰ τοὺς > \ 9 a“ ’ 4 U ὀχετοὺς Kal ἐν τοῖς ἕλεσι φυόμενον μανόφυλλοόν > \ » \ , a τε καὶ ov δασὺ γίνεται, προσεμφερὲς δέ πως τῷ [4] “A A A [οἱ σελίνῳ καὶ τῇ ὀσμῇ καὶ τῷ χυλῷ καὶ τῷ σχή- Ν 3 A ματι. τὸ δ᾽ ἱπποσέλινον φύλλον μὲν ἐμφερὲς TO ἐλειοσελίνῳ, δασὺ δὲ καὶ μεγαλόκαυλον καὶ τὴν pilav ὥσπερ ῥαφανὶς ἔχει τὸ πάχος μέλαιναν" lA A e ’ 7 Noa “ 3 “ μέλας δὲ καὶ ὁ καρπός, μέγεθος δὲ μεῖζον ὀρόβου. χρήσιμα δ᾽ ἄμφω φασὶ πρὸς στραγγουρίαν εἶναι ἐν οἴνῳ γλυκεῖ λευκῷ καὶ τοῖς λιθιῶσι" φύεται δὲ
1 rpaxvtepa conj. Sch.; τραχύτερον Ald., which contradicts what has just been said.
2 Plin. 20. 20; Diosc. 2. 110.
8 τελεουμένης conj. W.; τελεούμενος U; τελειούμενον P,Ald. cf. C.P. 4. 3. 5.
100
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. νι. 2-3
than in the cultivated kind, and, while in the latter the attachment of the leaf is flat, in the wild kind it is rounder, and the leaf itself has less angles; in other cases the wild form is the rougher! both in stem and leaf.
2 The wild turnip has a long root, like that of the radish, and a short stem.
The wild lettuce has a shorter leaf than the cultivated kind, and, as the plant matures? it becomes spinous; the stem is also shorter, while the juice is pungent and medicinal. It grows in fields ; they extract its juice at the time of wheat-harvest, and it is said that it purges away dropsy and takes away dimness of sight and removes ulcers‘ on the eye; for which purpose it is administered in human milk.
5¢« Horse-celery ’ (alexanders) ‘marsh-celery’ and ‘mountain-celery’ (parsley) differ both from one another and from the cultivated kind ; ‘ marsh-celery,’ which grows by irrigation-ditches and in marshes, has scanty leaves,® and is not of close habit, “yet it somewhat resembles the cultivated kind in smell taste and appearance. ‘ Horse-celery’ has a leaf like that of the marsh kind, but is of close habit and has a big stalk, and its root is as thick as a radish and black; ®the fruit is also black, and in size is larger than the seed of a vetch. They say that both kinds are serviceable in cases of strangury and for those suffering from stone, being adminis- tered in sweet white wine. Both kinds grow equally °
‘9.9.5; Plin. 20. 58; Diosc. 2. 136.
δ᾽ Plin. 19, 124.
© μανόφυλλον : Plin. ἰ.6. seems to have read μονόφυλλον.
7 Diosce. 3. 64. 8 Diosc. 3. 67. ® ὁμοίως conj. Sch.; ὅμως Ald.
IOI
THEOPHRASTUS
e ’ A ’ \ , , 9 ὁμοίως πανταχοῦ" γίνεται δὲ καί τι δάκρυον ἐξ 3 Δ A ’ e , “ 7 αὐτοῦ ὅμοιον τῇ μύρρᾳ' οἱ δέ φασιν ὅλως μύρραν. Τὸ δὲ ὀρεοσέλινον μείζους ἔτι διαφορὰς ἔχει" τὸ μὲν γὰρ φύλλον ἔοικε κωνείῳ, ῥίζα δὲ λεπτή, τὸν δὲ \ » θ / ὕ θ \ 3 4 € καρπὸν ἔχει καθάπερ ἄνηθον πλὴν ἐλάττω" ’ Ὁ A “A διδόασι δὲ τοῦτον ἐν οἴνῳ αὐστηρῷ τῶν γυναι- κείων χάριν. ’ va "Evia δὲ ὅλως ἀσύμβλητα τοῖς ἡμέροις ἐστὶ \ κατά ye τοὺς χυλοὺς Kal τὰς δυνάμεις, ὥσπερ σίκνος ὅ τε ἄγριος καὶ ὁ ἥμερος, GAN ἐκ τῆς \ e προσόψεως ἔχει THY ὁμοιότητα, καθάπερ καὶ ἐν A , e » , \ 4 μὴ τοῖς στεφανώμασιν ἡ ἰωνία' τὸ γὰρ φύλλον ἔχει ’, a παρόμοιον. τούτων μὲν οὖν ἐν τοῖς εἰρημένοις αἱ διαφοραί. VII. Τῶν δὲ ἀρουραίων λεγομένων μετὰ ταῦτα ῥητέον, καὶ ὅλως εἴ τι ποιῶδές ἐστιν ὃ μὴ τυγ- 4 a χάνει βρωτόν. καλοῦμεν yap λάχανα τὰ πρὸς τὴν ἡμετέραν χρείαν" ἐν δὲ τῷ καθ᾽ ὅλου κἀκεῖνα / 9 A \ \ 3 , / MEPLEX ETAL, δι᾿ ὃ καὶ περὶ ἐκείνων λεκτέον. λά- \ a a yava μὲν δὴ καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα καλεῖται, κιχόρη 3 4 / e \ > , τὰ ἀπάπη χόνδρυλλα ὑποχοιρὶς npuyépwv, καὶ ὅλως
1 σι conj. Sch.; τὸ Ald. cf. 9. 1. 4.
2 ὅλως P,Bas ; ὥλως Ald.; 3 ἁπλῶς W.
3 κωνείῳ conj. Sch.; κονίῳ Ald. ef 1. ὅ. 3n.
4 καρπὸν conj. Cornarius on Diosc. 3. 67. and Dalec.; καυλὸν UMAId. ef. Diosce. l.c.
5 ἡμέροις H.; εἰρημένοις UMAId. cf. 7. 6. 1 n.
6 See Index, ofxvos. -
7 2,6. which gives them a common name.
8 εἴ τι ποιωδές ἐστιν H.; ἐγγειποιῶδες U; ἐγγειποιῶδές ἐστι
MAIld. 102
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. vi. 3-vu. 1
everywhere. There is also a sort! of gum which exudes from the plant, like myrrh, and some say that it ἐδ 2 myrrh.
*Mountain-celery ’ (parsley) exhibits even greater differences; its leaf is like that of hemlock,® the root is slender, and the fruit 4 like that of dill, but smaller; it is given in dry wine for diseases of women.
In some cases however the wild kinds are not in the least like the cultivated 5 in taste and properties ; thus the wild and the cultivated cucumber ὅ are quite different, and their resemblance’ is due only to their general look, as, among coronary plants, there is resemblance between the wild and the cultivated kinds of gilliflower; for the leaves are alike. We have then described the differences which these plants present.
Of other uncultivated herbs, which may be classed with pot-herbs.
VII. Next we must speak of the differences found in the herbs called ‘uncultivated,’ and in general in any herbaceous plants ὃ which are not edible. For we give the name of ‘ pot-herbs’ to those which are cultivated for our own use, but in a wider sense the term includes these also ; wherefore we must speak of them too. 9 Under the name ‘pot-herbs’ are included also? such plants as chicory dandelion! khondrylla? cat’s ear groundsel, and in general all
9 Plin. 21. 89. 10 καὶ add. Scal.
1 ἀπάπη (or ἀπάτη) conj. Sch.; ἀφάκη Ald. The latter isa leguminous plant mentioned 8. 5. 3, etc.: for ἀπάπη ef. 6. 4. 8; 7. 8. 3; 7. 11. 3; for spelling see notes on the last two passages.
12 χόνδρυλλα conj. Salm. from Plin. /.c., cf. 7. 11. 4 π.; ἀν- δρύαλα Ald.G. ef. Plin. 21. 105; Diosc. 2. 133.
103
THEOPHRASTUS
ὅσα κιχοριώδη καλεῖται διὰ τὴν ὁμοιότητα τῶν φύλλων' πάντα γάρ πως ἐμφερῆ ἔχει τῷ κιχορίφ' πάλιν καυκαλὶς ἔνθρυσκον ἡδύοσμον. οἱ δὲ μυρία ἄλλα καλοῦσιν, σκάνδιξ καὶ ὅ ὅσα ἄλλα τοιαῦτα σκανδικώδη, τραγοπώγων, οἱ δὲ κόμην καλοῦσιν, ὃ τὴν μὲν ῥίζαν ἔχει μακρὰν καὶ γλυκεῖαν τὰ δὲ φύλλα τῷ κρόκῳ ὅμοια πλὴν μακρότερα, τὸν καυλὸν δὲ βραχύν, ἐφ᾽ οὗ τὴν κάλυκα μεγάλην καὶ ἐξ ἄκρον μέγαν τὸν πάππον πολιόν, ἀφ᾽ οὗ καλεῖται τραγοπώγων.
Ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα τοιαύτας μὲν ἰδέας ἔχει τοὺς δὲ χυλοὺς ἐδωδίμους ἡ ἢ ὠμοὺς ἢ ἐφθούς' ἔνια γὰρ δεῖται πυρώσεως, ὥσπερ paraxn καὶ τευτλὶς καὶ τὸ λάπαθον καὶ ἡ ἀκαλύφη καὶ τὸ παρθένιον" τὸν δὲ oT puxvov Kal ὠμὸν ἐσθίουσιν, ὃν καὶ εὐκήπευτόν τινες πρότερον ἐν. καὶ & ἕτερα δὲ πλείω τούτων, ἐν οἷς καὶ ὁ “παροιμιαξόμενός ἐστι διὰ πικρότητα KOPXOPOS ἔχων τὸ fe ὠκιμῶδες. πάντα δὲ τὰ μὲν ἐπέτεια τὰ δὲ ἐπε- τειόκαυλα τυγχάνει" τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἐξαναίνονται τῶν δὲ διαμένουσιν εἰς πλείω χρόνον αἱ ῥίζαι" σχεδὸν δὲ οὐκ ἐλάττω τὰ τοιαῦτά ἐστι.
Φύεται δὲ τὰ μὲν καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ῥιζῶν καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν σπερμάτων, τὰ δὲ ἕτερα μόνον ἀπὸ σπέρ-
1 καλεῖται conj. Sch.; ταῦτα Ald.
2 ἔνθρυσκον : Sch. conjectured ἔνθρυσκος, form corrected by L.Dindorf ; ἐνθουσικόν Ald.G. ef. Plin. 22. 81.
8 Plin. 27. 142; Diosc. 2. 138.
4 κάλυξ: of. 8.2.4; 8. 4. 3.
5 πάππον conj. W.; παγητὸν UMAId.; πώγωνα H. of. Diosc. l.c., where Saracenus corrects καρπὸς to πάππος.
6 τοιαύτας (sc. herbaceous) PmBas.; τοιαῦτα ras Ald.; ras αὐτὰς conj. W.
104
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. vi. 1-3
those that are called 1 ‘ chicory-like ’ because of the resemblance in the leaves; for to a certain extent the leaves of all these are like those of chicory ; and we may add kaukalis chervil? green mint. Some include under the name countless others, as wild chervil and all plants that resemble it, and goat’s beard, which some call some (‘hair’), which has a long sweet root and leaves like those of the crocus, but longer, and a short stem, on which is set the sheath ὁ; this is large, and on the top is the large mass of grey pappus,° from which it gets its name of ‘ goat’s beard.’
In like manner all those may be included which have a similar ® appearance, but juices suitable for food whether raw or cooked; for some need the action of fire, as malakhe (cheese-flower) beet monk’s rhubarb nettle and bachelor’s buttons; while garden nightshade’ is also eaten raw, and some in former times® considered it worth growing in gardens. There are also many more, including the plant which has become proverbial? for its bitterness, blue pimpernel, which has a leaf like basil. All these are either annual or have annual stems; for some of them wither away altogether in one season, while of others the roots persist for a longer time, and to this class belong the majority.
Some of these plants grow from roots and also from seed—unless in some cases they come up
7 te. στρύχνος ὃ ἐδώδιμος : cf. 7. 15. 4. The American ‘ wonder-berry.’
8 πρότερον Ald.; "πρότερον Bas.; ὠνύμασαν conj. W. Text probably defective.
9 κόρχορος ἐν λαχάνοις is the proverb. cf. Ar. Veap. 239, Schol.; Plin. 21. 183. (=‘Is Saul also among the prophets ?’)
105
THEOPHRASTUS
ματος, εἰ μή TL Kal αὐτόματον. ἡ δὲ βλάστησις καὶ τούτων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν μὲν ἅμα τοῖς πρώτοις ὑετοῖς ἐστι μετ᾽ ἰσημερίαν, οἷον ἀπάπης καὶ τοῦ κύνωπος καὶ ἣν καλοῦσί τινες βού- πρήηστιν, τῶν δὲ μετὰ Πλειάδα, καθάπερ καὶ κιχο- ρίου καὶ σχεδὸν τῶν ἄλλων τῶν κιχοριωδῶν. καὶ τὰ μὲν εὐθὺς ἅμα τῇ βλαστήσει τὸ ἄνθος ἀφίησι, καθάπερ ἡ ἀφία, τὰ δὲ ὕστερον οὐ πολλῷ, καθά- περ ἡ ἀνεμώνη, τὰ δὲ ἅμα τῷ ἦρι καὶ ἐκκαυλεῖ καὶ ἀνθεῖ, καθάπερ τὸ κιχόριον καὶ τὰ κιχοριώδη καὶ τῶν ἀκανθικῶν ὅσα λαχανώδη.
Διαφορὰ δὲ τῶν ἀνθῶν πολλή, περὶ ἧς ἐν τοῖς πρότερον εἴρηται" σχεδὸν γάρ ἐστι κοινὸν ἅπάν- tov’ ἔνια δὲ καὶ ὅλως ἀνανθῆ, καθάπερ καὶ τὸ ἐπίπετρον. συμβαίνει δὲ τοῖς ἅμα τῷ καυλῷ τὸ ἄνθος ἀφιεῖσι ταχεῖαν εἶναι τὴν ἀπάνθησιν" πλὴν ἡ μὲν ἀπάπη γηράσαντος τοῦ πρώτου πάλιν ἄλλο καὶ ἄλλο παραφύει, καὶ τοῦτο ποιεῖ παρ᾽ ὅλον τὸν χειμῶνα καὶ τὸ ἔαρ ἄχρι τοῦ θέρους. πολὺν δὲ χρόνον καὶ ὁ ἠρυγέρων. τὰ δὲ ἄλλα οὐ ποιεῖ τοῦτο, καθάπερ οὐδὲ ὁ κρόκος οὔτε ὁ εὔοσ- μος οὔθ᾽ ὁ λευκὸς οὐθ᾽ ὁ ἀκανθώδης" οὗτοι δὲ ἄοσμοι.
VIII. Κοινὴ δὲ διαφορὰ πάντων τῶν ποιωδῶν ἡ τοιάδε" τὰ μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ὀρθόκαυλα καὶ νευρό-
1 δὲ after τούτων om. W.
2 andans (or ἀπάτης) conj. Sch.; ἀφάκης U; ἀφάκεις MAId. cf.7.7.1n. Plin. l.c., however, has aphace.
3 ἐπίπετρον conj. Scal. from Plin. J.c.; ἐπίμετρον UMAId.G. cf. Hesych. 4 xavAg conj. Sch.; καρπῷ UM AId.G.
106
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. vu. 3-vm. 1
spontaneously. The growth alike of these! and of others takes place in some cases with the first rains after the equinox, for instance, dandelion? rib- grass and the plant which some call buprestis; in other cases after the rising of the Pleiad, for instance, chicory and most of the plants of that class. Some produce their flower immediately at the time of making growth, as lesser celandine, some not long after, as anemone, while some as soon as spring comes send up both their stems and flower, as chicory and the plants which resemble it, and those spinous plants which come under the head of pot-herbs.
There is much difference in the flowers, of which we have spoken already ; for such difference is a thing common to all; and some are altogether flowerless, as stonecrop.2 Those which produce their flower with the stem* quickly shed the flower ; except that dandelion,> when the first flower is past its prime, produces another and yet another, and continues to do so right through the winter and spring up to the summer. Groundsel Ὁ also blooms for a long time ; the others however do not do this; for instance the crocus does not, neither the scented (saffron crocus) nor the white nor the spinous kind,’—which last are scentless.
Of the differences in stem and leaf found in all herbaceous plants. VIII. A distinction which is found in all herbaceous plants alike is the following :—some have straight 5 ἀπάπη γηρήσαντος conj. W.; ἀπηγηράσαντος U; ἀπογηρά- σαντος MAId.; ἀφάκη ἀπογηράσαντος H. cf. Plin. l.c.; 7.7. 1 π. 6 of. C.P. 1. 22. 43 Plin. 25, 106.
7 See Index. This plant can only have been called κρόκος because it produced a yellow dye.
107
THEOPHRASTUS
S kavaa, Ta δὲ ἐπιγειόκαυλα, καθάπερ μαλάχη 4 4 ΝΜ Ἁ \ id id 4 σκάνδιξ aixvos ἄγριος" τὸ δὲ ἡλιοτρόπιον ἔτι ζω A “a ef a μᾶλλον ὡς εἰπεῖν τοιοῦτον, ὥσπερ Kal ἐν τοῖς 3 4 4 ,ὔ \ ee ’ ἀκανθώδεσιν οὖσιν τρίβολος καὶ ἡ κάππαρις καὶ 4 ἄλλα πλείω: Kal yap ἐκείνων ἡ διαφορὰ πλείων. \ a“ ἔνια δὲ περιαλλόκαυλα, μὴ ἔχοντα δὲ ποῦ προσ- πέσωσιν ἐπιγειόκαυλα, καθάπερ ἐπετίνη καὶ ἀπα- aA e \ pivn καὶ ἁπλῶς ὧν ὁ καυλὸς λεπτὸς Kal μαλακὸς 4 A καὶ μακρός, & ὃ καὶ φύονται ταῦτα ws ἐπὶ τὸ A 3 Ν \ \ Ν Ὁ € \ πᾶν ἐν ἄλλοις: κοινὴ δὴ Kal αὕτη ἡ διαφορὰ πάντων οὐ μόνον τῶν ποιωδῶν καὶ φρυγανικῶν ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν θαμνωδῶν" καὶ γὰρ ἡ ἕλιξ καὶ ἔτι μᾶλλον ἡ σμῖλαξ περιαλλόκαυλον. A A 4 "Ere δὲ καὶ τῶν ποιωδῶν τὰ μὲν πολύκαυλα τὰ δὲ μονόκαυλα" καὶ τῶν μονοκαύλων τὰ μὲν ἀπα- \ ράβλαστα κατὰ τὸν καυλὸν τὰ δὲ παραβλαστικά, a / καθάπερ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἡμέροις ἥ TE ῥαφανὶς καὶ ἄλλ᾽ ἄττα. πολύκαυλα δὲ ὡς ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν τὰ ἐπιγειόκαυλα, μονόκαυλα δὲ καὶ ὀλιγόκαυλα τὰ ὀρθόκαυλα. τούτων δὲ ἀπαράβλαστα τὰ λειό- καυλα κρόμνον πράσον σκόροδον, ὥσπερ καὶ ἐν a_e » \ \ 34 / \ \ / τοῖς ἡμέροις Kal τὰ μὲν εὐθύκαυλα τὰ δὲ σκολιο- καυλα καὶ τούτων [τοῖς ἡμέροις] ὑπάρχει. Διαφορὰ δέ τις καὶ τοιάδε τῶν ποιωδῶν ἐστι" τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἐπιγειόφυλλα τὰ δ᾽ ἐπικαυλόφυλλα / τυγχάνει τὰ δ᾽ ἀμφοτέρως. ἐπιγειόφυλλα μὲν
1 ἐπιγειόκαυλα conj. Cornarius; ἐπετειόκαυλα ΑἸα. Ἡ. 2 of. 7. 15. 1; Diosc. 4. 190 and 191; Plin. 22. 57.
108
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. vi. 1-3
and fibrous stems, some prostrate stems,! as malakhe (cheese-flower) wild chervil ‘ wild cucumber’ (squirting cucumber) ; while heliotropion? has this character? to an even greater extent, and so, among spinous plants, have caltrop caper and several others ; for in these too the above-mentioned distinction is even more marked. Some again have clasping stems, but if they have nothing on which to throw themselves, their stems become prostrate, as epetine bedstraw and in general those which have a slender soft long stem ; wherefore these in general grow in the midst of other plants. This point of difference too is common not only to all herbaceous plants and under-shrubs, but also to shrubby ones ; for helix (ivy) has a clasping stem, and, still more, smilax.
Again of herbaceous plants too some have several stems, some only one; and of the latter some have no side-shoots along the stem, while others have side-shoots, for instance, among cultivated plants radish and some others. Those with prostrate stems have generally more than one, while those with ° erect stems have but one or a few. Of these those with smooth stems have no side-shoots, as onion leek garlic—the wild, as well as the cultivated forms ; and of these 5 again some have straight, some crooked stems.
There is also the following point of difference in herbaceous plants :—some have their leaves on the ground, some on the stem, some have both characters. The following have ground leaves—crowsfoot ® the
3 τριοῦτον conj. Sch. from G ; τούτων Ald.
4 ἐν; G seems to have read én’.
5 τοῖς ἡμέροις probably repeated by mistake from above. 8 of. C.P. 2. δ. 4; Plin. 22. 48; Diosc. 2. 130.
109
THEOPHRASTUS
κορωνόπους ἄνθεμον ἀφύλλανθες ἄγχουσα πόα ἀνεμώνη ἀπαργία ἀρνόγλωσσον ἀπάπη" ἐπικαυ- λόφυλλα δὲ κρηπὶς ἄνθεμον τὸ φυλλῶδες λωτὸς Fo : 3 / δὲ N ’ ‘ Ἁ Ἁ 9 ὶ λευκόϊον" ἀμφοτέρως δὲ τὸ κιχόριον' καὶ γὰρ ἐπ τῶν καυλῶν ἅμα ταῖς ἐκφύσεσι ταῖς ἀκρεμονικαῖς ἐκφύει τι καὶ ἄνθος" καὶ τῶν φυλλακάνθων ἔνια, \ 3 , ‘ a / € 4 πλὴν ἀκανθώδεσι κομιδῆ, καθάπερ ὁ σόγκος. IX. Ἔστι δὲ καὶ τὰ μὲν ἄκαρπα τὰ δὲ κάρ- Tia. καὶ ὅλως τῶν ποιωδῶν τὰ μὲν ἄχρι τῶν a » φύλλων ἀφικνεῖται, τὰ δὲ καυλὸν ἔχει καὶ ἄνθος \ δὲ ΝΜ \ \ \ Ἁ Ψ καρπὸν δὲ οὔ. τὰ δὲ καὶ καρπὸν ὥσπερ τελειο- ’ὕ a τάτην φύσιν, εἰ μή TL καὶ ἄνευ τοῦ ἄνθους καρπο- φόρον, ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῶν δένδρων. Ἁ Διαφέρει δὲ καὶ τὰ φύλλα σχεδὸν οὐκ ἐλάττο- σιν ἀλλὰ πλείοσι διαφοραῖς ἢ τὰ τῶν δένδρων" a \ καὶ πρὸς αὐτὰ δὲ ἐκεῖνα διαφορὰς ἔχει" μεγίστην a \ . μὲν ὡς εἰπεῖν ὅτι TA μὲν ἀπὸ μίσχου προσπέφυκε, \ \ 3 \ \ e e A \ a τὰ δὲ αὐτὰ μὲν ὡς ἁπλῶς, τὰ δὲ καυλικῇ τινι προσφύσει. καὶ τῶν μὲν ἐν τῇ βλαστήσει προ- a ς 4 A τερεῖ «ὁ καυλός:», τῶν δὲ πλείστων TA φύλλα, καὶ σχεδὸν ἐν τῇ ἀρχῇ μέγιστα γίνονται καὶ μάλιστα 3 ’ XN \ 3 A , A ἐδώδιμα τὰ δὲ ἐκ τῶν δένδρων προωθεῖ τινα καυλόν.
1 ἀφύλλανθες placed after ἄνθεμον by Sch.; in Ald. placed after ἀνεμώνη. cf. 7. 14.2; Plin. 21. 56.
2 ἀπάπη U; ἀπάτη Ald. cf. 7. 7. ln.
3 cf. 1. 13. 1. and Index.
4 ἐκφύει τι καὶ MSS.; 2 ἐκφύει φύλλον τε καὶ W.
TIO
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. vi. 3-1x. τ
anthemon whose flowers have no petals! (wild camo- mile) alkanet grass anemone hawk’s beard plantain dandelion ?; the following have leaves on the stem— ox-tongue the anthemon which has petalled flowers 3 trefoil gilliflower; while chicory has both kinds of leaves ; for this plant produces,‘ as well as leaves, a certain number of flowers on the stems at the points where the side-shoots are attached. Similar too are some of the plants with spinous leaves, but not those that are altogether spinous, as sow-thistle.
Of other differences scen in herbaceous plants in general, as compared with one another and with trees.
TX. Again some are barren, while others bear fruit, and, speaking generally, of herbaceous plants some get as far as producing leaves only, others have a stem and flower, but no fruit; some again have fruit as the completion of their development, while some bear fruit even though they have no flower, as is the case with some trees.
6The leaves of herbaceous plants again differ in hardly fewer, nay, even in more, ways than those of trees, and further, they present differences as compared with these, the chief being perhaps that some are attached by a leaf-stalk, some are attached directly, some attached with cauline appendages.® And in some herbaceous plants the stalk’ is the first part to grow, but in most the leaves, which almost at the outset grow to their largest and are best for eating; whereas the leaves of trees always push out first a sort of stalk.
δ Plin. 21. 100.
6 ᾧ,6. petiolate, sessile, and decurrent respectively. 7 ὃ καυλὸς add. Sch. from G.
It!
2
THEOPHRASTUS
“Διαφέρουσι δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἄνθεσι πολύ' ἐν μὲν γὰρ τοῖς δένδρεσι τά γε πλεῖστα λευκά, τὰ δὲ μικρὸν ἐπιπορφυρίξοντα, τὰ δὲ ποώδη καὶ χλοώδη, κεχρωσμένον δὲ ἀνθινῷ « οὐδέν' ἐν δὲ τοῖς ποιώ- δεσι τῶν ἀνθῶν » πολλαὶ καὶ παντοδαπαὶ ροιαὶ καὶ ἄκρατοι καὶ μεμιγμέναι καὶ εὔοσμοι ἢ καὶ ἄοσμοί εἰσιν. καὶ τὰ μὲν δένδρα τὴν ἄνθησιν ἀθρόαν ποιεῖται, τούτων δ᾽ ἔνια κατὰ «μέρος, ὥσ- περ ἐλέχθη καὶ περὶ τοῦ ὠκίμου, δι᾽ ὃ καὶ πολὺν χρόνον ἀνθεῖ, καθάπερ ἄλλα τε πολλὰ καὶ τὸ ἡλιοτρόπιον καὶ τὸ κεχόριον.
Πολλαὶ δὲ καὶ τῶν ῥιξῶν διαφοραὶ καὶ τρόπον τινὰ αἱ τούτων φανερώτεραι" εἰσὶ γὰρ αἱ μὲν ξυλώδεις αἱ δὲ σαρκώδεις καὶ ἰνώδεις, ὥσπερ Kal τῶν ἡμέρων, καθάπερ at τε τοῦ σίτου καὶ τῆς πόας τῆς πλείστης. αὐτῶν δὲ τούτων ἕκασται πλείστας ἔχουσι διαφορὰς χρώμασιν ὀσμαῖς χυ- μοῖς μεγέθεσιν: αἱ μὲν γὰρ λευκαὶ αἱ δὲ μέλαιναι αἱ δ᾽ ἐρυθραί, καθάπερ ἥ ἥ τε τῆς ἀγχούσης καὶ τοῦ ἐρευθεδάνου' αἱ δ᾽ ὥσπερ ξανθαὶ καὶ ξυλοειδεῖς" καὶ γλυκεῖαι δὲ καὶ πικραὶ καὶ δριμεῖαι καὶ εὐώδεις καὶ κακώδεις, καὶ ἔνιαι φαρμακώδεις, ὡς ἐν ἄλλοις εἴρηται.
Διαφοραὶ δὲ καὶ τῶν σαρκωδῶν' αἱ μὲν γὰρ στρογγύλαι αἱ δὲ προμήκεις καὶ βαλανώδεις, ὥσπερ ἀσφοδέλου καὶ κρόκον" καὶ αἱ μὲν λεπυ- ριώδεις, ὥ ὥσπερ ἡ τοῦ βολβοῦ καὶ τῆς σκίλλης καὶ ὅσαι βολβώδεις καὶ κρομύου δὲ καὶ γηθύου καὶ
1 of. 1.13.1.
2 οὐδὲν... ἀνθῶν add. Scal. from G (κεχρωσμένων δὲ ἀνθικῷ πολλαὶ ΌὕΜ ΑἸά. ); ἀνθινῷ for ἀνθικῷ οοπ]. W., who also added τῶν ἀνθῶν. See LS. ἀνθινός.
112
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS, VII. 1x. 2-4
There is also much difference as to the flowers between herbaceous plants and trees; for in trees! most of the flowers are white, while some are slightly reddish, others are greenish or greenish-yellow, but none of them? have distinct gay colours; while in herbaceous plants the flowers shew many and various colours, both simple and in combination, and further, some of them are scented, others not. Again 3 trees produce all their bloom at once, while some herba- ceous plants have a succession of flowers, as we said 4 of basil; wherefore it is in flower for a long period, as are many other herbs, such as helotropton and chicory. .
There are also many differences in the roots, and, in a way, the differences in these are more obvious ; some are woody, some fleshy and fibrous, just as in the cultivated kinds, as are those of corn and most kinds of grass. Again the roots themselves exhibit in each case very many differences in colour smell taste and size ; some are white, some black, some red, as those of alkanet and madder ; some are yellowish,® or the colour of wood.® Again there are roots which are sweet, bitter, pungent, fragrant, evil-smelling ; and some are medicinal, as has been said elsewhere.
There are also differences between those with fleshy roots; the roots of some are round, of some oblong and acorn-shaped, as those of asphodel and crocus ;7 some consist of several layers, as those of purse-tassels squill and others which belong to that class, onion long onion and others like
5 ἄοσμοι εἰσιν. καὶ τὰ μὲν conj.W.; ἄοσμοι. καὶ ἐνίων τὰ μὲν Ald.H. 47.3. 1.
5 ὥσπερ MSS.; πλεῖσται conj. ὟΝ.
8 ξυλοειδεῖς : cf. 7. 3. 2. 7 of. 1.6.7; 6. 6. 10.
113 VOL. II. I
THEOPHRASTUS
- Ν ὅσα τούτοις ὅμοια. αἱ δὲ ὁμαλεῖς καὶ ψαθυραὶ ¢ / καὶ μαλακαὶ dv ὅλου καὶ ὥσπερ ἄφλοιοι, καθάπερ “ cal 4 τοῦ dpov:' αἱ δὲ φλοιὸν ἔχουσι πρὸς TH σαρκί, Ul e a ’ A , καθάπερ ἡ τοῦ κυκλαμίνου Kal τῆς γογγυλίδος. οὐχ ἅπασαι δ᾽ αἱ εὐώδεις ἢ γλυκεῖαι ἢ εὔστομοι καὶ ἐδώδιμοι, οὐδ᾽ αἱ πικραὶ ἄβρωτοι' ἀλλ᾽ ὅσαι 3 A 9 A 4 A 4 ἀβλαβεῖς εἶσι τῷ σώματι μετὰ τὴν προσφοράν" ἔνιαι γὰρ γλυκεῖαι μὲν θανάσιμοι δὲ καὶ νοσώδεις, ς \ \ \ aA , 3 / ’ὔ Ἁ